With every inhalation the bamboo splinter was raised and with every expiration it decended, making a wave-like curve on the paper.

It will be noticed that all the mental and emotional states lessened the breathing, since the waves in all the lines are smaller than those in the regular breathing (line 1). In the few experiments made this is what generally occurs: Reading of philosophy (line 2), multiplication (line 3), and hating (line 5) affected the prisoner's breathing most. This is what generally happens, with the exception of the feeling of hatred, which is in most people a wavy line, but in the prisoner it is his most intense line that is to say, it absorbs his attention most. Concentration of attention seemed to be much easier for him in hating than in the other emotions. In most people hatred is a wave-like line, with little breaks in the waves; but love is a more intense line. In the prisoner the opposite seems to be true. The feeling of love had but little more effect than reading the Bible, which had the least effect of any of his psychical states when we compare this line with the regular breathing line. As an example of the effects of emotion on H. by another method, the following will illustrate. He was accused by a prominent lawyer of having killed the P. children. They were in a room together. His eyes bulged out; he turned red, and could say nothing.

PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS.

January 4, 1896.

Height, 72 centimeters; sitting height, 33 centimeters; strength of right-hand grasp, 34 kilograms; of left-hand grasp, 32 kilograms; maximum length of head, 191 millimeters; maximum width of head, 149 millimeters; cephalic index, 78; distance between external edges of orbits, 110 millimeters; length of nose, 55 millimeters; width of nose, 35 millimeters; nasal index, 63; length of ears, right, 60 millimeters; left, 62 millimeters (he remarked that he had injured his ear); width of mouth, 55 millimeters; thickness of lips, 10 millimeters; height of palate, 20 millimeters.

MEASUREMENTS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Least sensibility to locality: Right wrist, 17 millimeters; left wrist, 17 millimeters. Least sensibility to heart: Right wrist, 4 degrees; left wrist, 5 degrees. Least sensibility to pain by pressure: Right temporal muscle, 700 grams; left temporal muscle, 600 grams; with hand algometer (Catell's), right hand, 5,750 grams, and left hand, 4,750 grams.

H. said he was ambidextrous (common among criminals). He said the example of a friend taught him to be this. Another peculiarity is the fact of one ear being longer than the other. His palate is higher than the normal, which is about 14 millimeters. His sense of locality is more obtuse than the average, which is 15 millimeters. Another peculiarity is the fact that his left hand is less sensitive to heat than his right hand. This seldom is the case with normal people. His sensibility to pain is more acute than the average; that is, on the temporal muscle.

EXAMINATION BY DR. TALBOT.

Nativity, American; age, 35; weight, 150 pounds; occiput, full, right lower than left; bregma, sunken; forehead, left side more full than right, sloping; hair, brown; face, excessive; body, excessive; face, arrested; zygomæ, arrested, hollowed on right side; ears, right lower than left; nose, long, very thin; stenosis of nasal bone; septum deflected to left; nose turned to right; thyroid gland, arrested; eyes, strabismus in left, inherited; left higher than right; jaws, slightly protruding upper, arrest of lower; alveolar process normal; left side of mouth drops lower than the right; third molars not developed; remaining teeth regular; chin turned to right; breast, marked pigeon breast, left side more than right; chest contracted, tendency to tuberculosis; arms, right normal, left 14 inches short; legs long and thin; feet medium in size, but markedly deformed; depression on left side of skull at bregma, due to fall of brick at the age of 31; sexual organs unusually small.

There are a number of abnormalities noted in Dr. Talbot's examination, but they do not seem to me sufficient in number and degree to class the prisoner as physically abnormal. His height of palate, in my own examination, and his general demeanor would class him among neurotics.

SOCIOLOGICAL.

Antecedents and childhood: One who knew his family well says in a letter: "I was born in P., N. H., in an adjoining town to the birthplace of H., which was G., B. Co., N. H., and inasmuch as H. and his parents were frequently attendants upon my father's preaching, and as he attended the district school taught by my wife's sister, and as his wife, and part of the time himself, were in the employ of an uncle of mine, I have a definite knowledge of his youth.

"His people were very upright, God-fearing citizens, living in a quiet, secluded section of the country. There is no trace or taint of open immorality or vice in the family history for at least three generations of which I have any knowledge. I am intimately acquainted with several of his cousins, and they are all upright men.

"As a boy, H. was a quiet, studious, faithful lad, with refined tastes, not caring to join to any extent in the rude and rongh games of his companions at school, and easily standing as the first scholar in his class. He was a general favorite with the mothers in that community, because he was such a well-behaved lad. In his youth he was predisposed to a religions life; was a faithful, painstaking student of the Scriptures, and rather excelled in his Sunday-school class, and later in his Bible class, and my recollection is that he took an active part in the weekly prayer meetings and was known as a religious youth."

Letter from his first wife.-In regard to his childhood days I can not say much, as I did not know much of him until he was 17 years old. I always felt that he was pleasant in disposition, tender-hearted, much more so than people in general. He was of a very determined mind, at the same time quite considerate of others' comfort

and welfare. In 1881 he was at B., Vt., for the year, and in the spring of 1882 he started for the university, and, as far as I knew, was doing very well. I returned to N. H. the spring before he was to graduate, and have known very little of him since, but he has always been called very smart, well educated, and a man of refined ways. Before attending the medical school he taught school several terms and was very successful-as much so as teachers in general-and when the story came out people who had always known him said, "We can not believe this. H. would not have the heart or courage to do anything so terrible." But of course he has worked himself up to it little by little, and I think, having done some little wrong, he had been driven to a greater one for a cover, and each one growing worse, of course it is easy or more easy to go in the wrong after the first few steps.

UNIVERSITY LIFE.

Letters of inquiry were sent to his teachers and classmates, many of whom are now prominent physicians.

One of the professors in the university says: "It is true that while a student here he was for a year or two under my roof, but not in any such intimate relations with me as to justify him as looking upon me as his best friend; if so, his friends must be few. However, I am very sorry for him, even although he himself may be the direct cause of his present miseries and threatening punishments. Ho told

me a few months ago, when I visited him in prison, that he and another classmate had worked up a scheme to defraud an insurance company a few months after they graduated in 1884 from the medical department here, but that the scheme fell through because of his friend's death, which occurred.within a year after he graduated. I do not know whether he graduated in pharmacy or not. He certainly did not take that course here, as I find he was never entered as a pharmacy student. He may have taken the degree elsewhere, but if he did it was after he graduated in medieine, as he made no claim to having had a pharmacy course when he was here.

"There were several things that occurred while he was here as a student that in the light of subsequent events show him to have been even at that time well practiced in criminal habits. Although he was married and had his wife here for a time doing work as a dressmaker and assisting in supporting himself and her, yet he got into trouble by showing some attention to a grass widow, who was engaged in the business of hair dressing. This woman made some complaints to the faculty during the latter part of his senior year, and the stories that she told, had they been confirmed, would have prevented him from graduating. But I had no reason to doubt his word at that time, and his friends lied for him so vigorously that I was wholly deceived and defended him before the faculty, and he was permitted to graduate. On the afternoon of commencement day he came to me of his own accord, with his diploma in his hand, and said: "Doctor those things are true that that woman said about me." This was the first positive evidence that I had received up until that time that the fellow was a scoundrel, and I took occasion to tell him so at that time. I subsequently learned, however, that he had made two attempts to enter iny honse in the character of a burglar, and also that he had while occupying a room in a portion of my house attempted to force a drawer in my library in which I had been in the habit of keeping some valuables. Three months after he had graduated in medicine, and knowing full well what opinion I entertained of him, he wrote me asking for a recommendation to assist him in getting an appointment as a missionary to Africa. This I am satisfied he did simply from the spirit of devilishness, and not that he had any serious intention of carrying out such a purpose. These and many little incidents that I might relate to you, some of them personal experiences of my own with him, and others that have been told me by members of my family, serve to further illustrate these traits in his character, but they are all of the same nature as those that I have mentioned."

Another professor says: "Personally, I can not recall H.'s features. I only remember that he failed to pass in my work and that I voted against his graduation."

TESTIMONY OF HIS CLASSMATES.

1. "Myself and family lived in the house with H. and his family almost one school year. His family consisted of a wife and one child (a boy about 4 years old). His wife was a very pleasant woman and willing to make any sacrifice that she might help him along in his course. She finally went out to work and gave him her earnings. She was subject to convulsions of some kind, and while at work he gave her such quantities of bromide that her face broke out very badly. Every one thought it too bad for her. He must have been in very straitened circumstances, for he managed different ways of getting along. I remember he built a barn for a widow woman who was studying medicine in the homeopathy department at that time. She told me how H. beat her on the barn. He was very dishonest and tricky any place you found him. He would borrow everything of the students that he could to save himself buying. I have no picture of H. Would never have recognized him by his picture in the papers. At that time he had a rather slender face, wore chin whiskers, not considered good looking, but I remember he had treacherous-looking eyes. Another piece of his wife's economy was to borrow our sewing machine and completely turn a coat for him. He was not a graduate in pharmacy to my knowledge." 2. "It happened that H. acted as steward of a boarding house (only table boarding). It was his duty to keep the places at table filled with students and collect the money weekly. My recollection of him is quite distinct. None of the boys ever knew mucl. of him (further than that he admitted himself to be married), or had much to do with him. His associations with his fellow students amounted to but little, because of his way of living. Ho had no money, at least that is what he always said. For his meals he conducted the club, while he slept at Dr. H.'s house. (Dr. H. was then demonstrator of anatomy in the university.) This brought him to the boarding house only at mealtime. The money was collected by H. regularly every Saturday evening. He was, as I remember, always punctual in performing his duties, and also regular at his meals. Even now I can see him sitting at the lower, dark end of the long table, saying but little and laughing very seldom. He was of a remarkably taciturn disposition, apparently indifferent to his surroundings, coldly methodical, unresponsive to humor, and very brief in his statements. His topics of conversation were mainly concerning Dr. H.'s operations upon his private patients. H., as I have said, slept at Dr. H.'s house. He always accompanied Dr. H. upon his night

trips. We students, remarking the thing, always thought that H.'s quietness was due to his rest being broken and irregular, having always to hitch up the horse for the Dr.'s use, perhaps accompany him, and then stable the horse upon the Dr.'s return. I remember once of asking a medical student how H. answered up in his "quiz." The answer I got was that he was not very reliable or exact in his knowledge."

3. Health officer in a well-known city says: "From October, 1883, until June, 1884, I boarded at a boarding club. This club was run by H., who was at that time a member of the senior medical class. He collected the board money and drummed up boarders among the students, receiving his own board free for the services rendered. I sat at the same table with him during most of the year. He assisted Dr. H. in his private dissecting room and in the injection of bodies received for dissection. He kept the cloakroom, receiving small fees from students engaged in dissection for looking after their clothing, renting them drawers for their dissecting instruments, etc., and in many other ways contrived to earn small sums of money. He was at all times, while I knew him, miserably poor and a subject for pity. As a student he was distinctly what might be termed "dumb." He was slow to grasp ideas and not at all ready in reasoning. I distinctly remember that we expected him to fail to graduate and that there was a general impression that his ultimate graduation was due to the pity of the professors overcoming their sense of propriety. Personally he was not a man to attract friendship, although he was never offensive or repellant. He was rather quiet in manner, very slouchy in gait, and usually held his lead low. I think (but am not positive) that he had a slight droop of one eyelid. I heard during the year succeeding H's. graduation that he had gone to Cape Colony, South Africa, and was much surprised to note the first publication of his name in connection with the murders."

4. A woman medical student says: "I was in the same section for recitation with H. 1st note, a marked, almost rapt attention to detail in class work, both theoretical and practical; 2d note, very intelligent recitations; 3d note, in spite of the rather attractive physiognomy a personal feeling of repugnance, which I did not understand until his beard was shaved at one time. As I always judge a man by his mouth (as a correcting characteristic feature) I no longer wondered at the inst.nctive distrust."

5. A classmate who is an alienist, says: "My recollection of him is that he was a quiet, unpretentious individual, not a brilliant student by any means, but rather plodding and perhaps below mediocre, but attentive to lectures and operations. My connection with this institution has been continuous since the day of my graduation, and in the light of the experience I have had in seeing a large number of insane and defective people, I can not now recall anything about H. that would warrant me in saying that he was peculiar, degenerate, defective, or insane, or that he lacked the average mental or moral qualities.”

6. "I was quite well acquainted with him. He always stated to me that he was born in England. He seemed always of a sullen disposition, not caring to talk much, a fair student, although not bright, and still he might be stated to be of average intelligence. We attended many lectures together, and occupied seats close to each other. He was not at all popular and seemingly had very few intimate friends, and the talk was that he would not be able to pass his final examinations, as, if I mistake not, he entered on advanced standing. If I mistake not he stated that he was a married man, and complained frequently of lack of funds to complete his studies. He was often the center of comment on account of his quiet, rather sullen disposition, although he was quite talkative to those with whom he took a fancy. I do not presume that he took any particular fancy to the writer, but he frequently asked me for assistance or passed remarks about our work, and acted as if he had either some great trouble or was of a very retiring disposition."

7. "I was well acquainted with him. He and I dissected together on the same cadaver. In college life he seemed rather a recluse, seldom taking any part in the mirth or amusements of the class, and yet it was not because he was overstudious, for he was but mediocre in attainments. He wore his hair cut square across behind, which gave the appearance of a bulging cerebellum. He did not appear defiant. Í do not know that he had a single confidante among his classmates. As I recall him now he gave no promise of being an adept at good works or crime. Once in the dissecting room I remember that he appropriated the foot of a child cadaver, taking it away for his own use. He did not seem in good health at any time. His eyes were sunken, complexion pasty, and figure lean.'

CONDUCT IN DISSECTING ROOM.

8. "I know of nothing in his character during my acquaintance with him which would mark him as exceptional in any way. I remember he was identified with the Young Men's Christian Association of the university, and took sides with that society in a dispute between the society and one of the professors, and he told me at one

time that after graduation he intended to go to New Zealand as a medical missionary. On the whole, his conduct was such as to breed a sensation of dislike for him among his fellows. He appeared to be a good deal of a sneak, and I know as a matter of fact that he was a liar. He seemed to be fond of the uncanny things of the dissecting room, and told me at the beginning of one spring vacation that he intended to take home the body of an infant for dissection, that Dr. H. had given him one for that purpose. He seemed to derive a good deal of pleasure from the fact. Nevertheless, he was not an industrious worker in the dissecting room."

9. Classmate, president of a State medical society, says: "I saw him daily. His appearance was very ordinary. He was of a meditative, unassuming disposition, willing to talk if approached, but his manner was retiring. He was apparently most inoffensive; we then thought him stupid. In his difficulty with the dressmaker we, boylike, believed poor H. was being sinned against, and selected a law student, now a member of Congress for Idaho, to intercede for him, with the result that the faculty was lenient and H. was 'vindicated.' His bearing so little resembled that of one who sought the company of women that we regarded the incident as a great joke. Even at that time he was given to devising schemes for money making; speculating on projects that might be taken up after graduation. We did not regard them as of doubtful integrity, yet none of them were in line with the profession he was about to be graduated into. We looked upon them as visionary. He had no chums or associates, so far as I knew; always alone, of modest demeanor, and never aggressive. It was a serious struggle with him then for bare existence, and we pitied him without thought of his merit, for he was, as we saw him, a negative character."

10. "He was a fellow to slide along without attracting any attention, and would be soon forgotten. There was an episode in which he acquired some notoriety, and if guilty showed much foresight and caution on his part. The facts are as follows: A young widow was running a boarding house, he being one of the boarders. Sho obtained a letter to him from his wife; she brought her case before the faculty, claiming that he had promised to marry her, and in evidence produced some letters signed in his name. He denied the charge and produced specimens of his handwriting, including notebooks, etc., which were not in the same hand as the letters produced by her. The evidence was not such that the faculty could convict on, so they let him off. The opinion among the students was that he was the one who wrote the letters."

11. "His life was somewhat in the background. He said in conversing with me that he had been in the life insurance business in New York, New Hampshire, and Chicago. He said he had traveled a great amount. He and his wife did not get along very well. Have seen her with blackened eyes as a result of their quarrels. They roomed only a few doors from where I roomed. His life was somewhat suspicious, and he was supposed to be getting bodies for the anatomical rooms in some mysterious way. He gave me a hint of this in a conversation I had with him. He told me he did not intend to practice medicine, but wanted a medical education to help him in his business. He was only a fair student; was absent from his work often, and many of us thought he would not be able to get through. He paid more attention to anatomy, surgery, and materia medica. To me he was a suspicious person, and I so treated him while we were associated together. I would often question him along the lines of business he had been engaged in and he would invariably turn the conversation into other channels. He told me how he evaded paying the extra fees nonresidents of Michigan had to pay. I was not surprised when I saw in one of the papers a short sketch of his past life which tallied with some of the things he told me."

12. "He passed by the nickname of 'Smegma' among the 'boys' of our class, due doubtless to a peculiar odor. As I remember him he appeared as a simple, harmless individual, and it has been a source of astonishment to me in noting his remarkable career of crime. He was in some 'shady' transactions while at the university. As I now look back at the picture he left on memory's wall, he was an uncouth rustic, simple in speech, rude in manner, with not one prodromic symptom that would enable one to even dream that he would one day stand as a monster of crime."

13. "He had a noticeable aversion to familiarity. During the time spent with Dr. H. he took active interest in Sunday-school work of the Presbyterian Church, of which Dr. H. was a prominent and active member. I remember him as an odd character in the class on account of his seemingly friendless fate, and the manner in which he worked himself into the good graces of Dr. H. About the last thing he told me was he had decided to go as a medical missionary to some foreign country after graduating, and that Dr. H. had acted in his behalf to secure for him all the necessary credentials for the undertaking."

14. "To me he was especially noticeable for his rather delicate and fair facial complexion and rather blue and open eyes. He had a thin mustache curled up at the ends. His habits were decidedly of a secretive nature, and consequently he was never much discussed."