2. Tariff and Nullification.-The first tariff had been passed in Washington's administration. The people of New England had profited by this tax on foreign goods, and had built factories, and were

making a great

many things. The

higher the tax on

goods, the higher

The Hermitage, Home of Andrew Jackson.

the goods sell. The manufacturing peo

ple of the North wanted a very high tax, "high tariff," put on foreign goods, so that goods would sell for a great deal. Several tariff laws had been passed, but 1828 when Adams was President, a tariff was levied which was so high that all kinds of goods were very expensive. The South had no factories and they wanted the goods which they bought to be cheap. So the tariff act of 1828 was hateful to the Southern people who called it the "Bill of Abominations." South Carolina statesmen, John C. Calhoun and

Robert Y. Hayne, said that Congress John C. Calhoun. had no right to pass such a law, and talked of not allow ing the United States to collect this tariff in their State. When Jackson was President, another tariff law was passed, but it was still too high. South Carolina then 832 called a convention of her people, and decided that unless Congress changed the tariff they would not allow the tax to be collected in that State. This refusing to let

the law of the United States be enforced in the State of South Carolina was called Nullification. Henry Clay, the great Kentucky statesman, arranged the difficulty. He got Congress to pass a bill to reduce the tariff. The people of South Carolina then withdrew their nullification, and everything went well.

3. National Bank.-Jackson determined to break up the National Bank, which was first established in Washington's administration. As Congress refused to assist 1833 him, Jackson took all of the United States money out of the bank, and caused it to be distributed among certain State banks. Several years after this, the United States decided to take care of their own money. It has since been kept in the Treasury at Washington, and in what are known as Sub-treasuries situated in some of the large cities of the country.

4. Indian Wars. There were two wars during Andrew Jackson's term of office. One, led by Black Hawk in the Northwest, was ended by General Atkinson at the battle of Bad Axe. Three years later, 1835 the Seminoles in Florida, under Osceola (Os'se ō la), fought the United States troops for two years. At one time they surrounded and slew Major Dade and all of his IIO soldiers except one man. Colonel Zachary Taylor at last defeated the Seminoles, and they were sent across the Mississippi.

5. New States.-Arkansas (Ark' an saw) and Michigan became States during this administration.

II. VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1837-1841.

1. Martin Van Buren.--On the 4th of March, 1837, Mr. Van Buren, of New York, became President, and

served only one term. He was a Democrat, and a friend of Mr. Jackson. During his term of office, there was great money trouble in the country, and nuch political quarrelling. As the country seemed growing and prosperous, the merchants, the farmers, the banks and everybody had been doing business for some years on credit. By Van Buren's time, many

Martin Van Buren.

people were in debt, and there was not money enough 1837 to pay off the debts. What is called "a panic" came on. Merchants and banks failed, and there was great distress.

came

2. Railroads and Steamships.-Steamcars into use while Jackson was President. Steamboats began to cross the ocean in Van Buren's administration. But neither the trains nor the vessels went so fast as they now do.

QUESTIONS.-1. In what State did Jackson live? 2. Tell something about him. 3. What kind of a tariff was there at this time? 4. What did Calhoun and Hayne think of the tariff act of 1828? 5. What did South Carolina do when a tariff act was passed in Jackson's administration? 6. How was the matter settled? 7. What did Jackson do with the National Bank? 8. Where is the United States money now kept? 9. Who was Black Hawk? 10. Who was Major Dade? 11. Who was Zachary Taylor? 12. What new States were admitted in Jackson's administration? 13. Tell what you know of Van Buren. 14. What panic occurred at this time? 15. When were steamcars first used in America? 16. When did steamships first cross the ocean?

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS

FOR CHAPTER XXXIJI.

Map of the United States-1. Trace the boundary between the United States and Canada from the Atlantic Ocean to the Rocky Mountains. 2. What States between Wisconsin and the Rocky Mountains touch British Columbia? 3. Locate Washington and Baltimore. How far is it between these cities? (Answer: Forty miles.) 4. Find Texas. Where is San Antonio? 5. Where is San Jacinto? 6. Bound Florida.

CHAPTER XXXIII.

THE HARRISON-TYLER ADMINISTRATION, 1841-1845.

1. William Henry Harrison.-General Harrison, of Ohio, became the next President. He defeated Martin Van Buren, because the people thought that the Democrats had brought on the great money "panic" of 1837. Harrison was a Whig. The people liked him, and they called him "Old Tippecanoe," because he had won the battle of Tippecanoe over the Indians. His inauguration took place on a very stormy day, and the old gen841 eral caught a severe coid from which he died on April 4th-after having been President for just one month.

General Harrison.

2. John Tyler.-Mr. Tyler, of Virginia, who had been elected Vice-President, now became President. This was the first time that a Vice-President had ever