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Fig. 7.

Showing method of blocking for Broken Main Driving Wheel Tire, Ten-wheel or Mogul Engine

9. Broken Back Tire, Ten-Wheel or Mogul Engine.-In case of a broken back tire on a ten-wheel or Mogul engine, run that wheel up on a block or wedge so as to raise it the proper distance above the rail; remove the oil cellar and fit a block of wood in its place, also block between the bottom of driving box and the pedestal brace so as to carry the journal in its raised position. Then block between the back end of the spring that is in front of the wheel and the bottom bar of frame, and between the rear spring and the bottom of frame, as shown in Fig. 8, so as to relieve that box of its load; also block between the top of main driving box and the frame, so as to carry the extra load thrown on that box and spring. If the back end of the engine settles down very much it may be necessary to carry part of the weight of the engine on the tender, as explained in Article 4. In this case, if the main tires are blind, that is, have no flanges, it will be necessary to chain across from the tail brace of the engine on the side having the broken tire to the opposite side of the tender frame so as to crowd the good flange against the rail. The engine should be run carefully while in this condition, especially over frogs and switches which the flange may lead into. As in all other cases of a broken tire, the driver brake should be cut out of service.

10. Broken Front Tire, Consolidation or Decapod Engine.-Fig. 9 shows the method of blocking for a broken front tire on a Consolidation or Decapod engine, this being practically the same as for a Mogul engine. In order to block the wheel into position, run it up on a block or wedge until it is raised clear of the rail, then remove the oil cellar and block between the pedestal brace and the journal, and between the spring saddle and top of frame, run the wheel off the block, cut the driver brake out of service and proceed.

11. Broken Intermediate Tire, Consolidation or Decapod Engine.-Fig. 10 shows the method of blocking for a broken intermediate tire on a Consolidation or Decapod engine. The wheel is raised and blocked up the same as for any other case previously mentioned.

12. Broken Driving Axle.-While the failure of a driving axle is not as common as it was in former years, owing to the cause having been largely corrected, there are still some occasional failures, and therefore it is necessary to know

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Fig. 8. Showing method of blocking for Broken Back Driving Wheel Tire, Ten-wheel or Mogul Engine

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Fig. 9. Showing method of blocking for Broken Front Driving Wheel Tire, Consolidation or Decapod Engine

Fig. 10. Showing method of blocking for Broken Intermediate Driving Wheel Tire, Consolidation or Decapod Engine

what to do in case one breaks. The principal causes of failures are due to too much lateral play, square shoulders instead of fillets, the use of water on extremely hot journals, and allowing journals to pound, either through the brass being worn too large for the journal or wedges being allowed to run too slack. 13. Broken Main Axle, Eight-Wheel Engine.-In case the main axle on an eight-wheel engine should break outside of the driving box, it would naturally result in stripping that side of the engine of its rods. The engine can be brought in to the terminal, however, by jacking up the broken end of the axle into position and blocking between the pedestal brace and the oil cellar, and between the spring saddle and top of frame; a block should also be placed over the back driving box and under the frame, same as in the case of a broken front tire; then remove all rods on the side where the wheel is broken off, together with the side rod on the opposite side, disconnect the valve stem on the disabled side, clamp the valve to cover the ports, and block the crosshead securely. Cut out the driver brake and bring the engine in with but one main rod up. It is not necessary to remove the oil cellar when blocking up for a broken driving axle, as in this case the axle is no longer serviceable and cannot be further damaged, and removing the cellar would only mean that much extra work and additional delay.

Where the axle is broken in the center between the eccentrics, it is sometimes possible to bring the engine in under its own steam by jacking the two ends of the axle up and bolting them together by means of long bolts and blocks fitted between the eccentrics. As a rule, however, such blocks and bolts are not available; therefore, the best method to pursue is to get the engine ready to be towed Where the engine is to be towed in,

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all rods should be taken down as well as the eccentric straps, then, if possible, the main wheels should be raised clear of the rail and blocked up. A chain can be run across from the top of one wheel to the top of the other, to hold them in place, although this is not always necessary, because as a rule the eccentrics will hold the wheels in place.

Should the main axle on this type of engine break just inside of the driving box, that is, between the driving box and the eccentrics, it is not advisable to

try to bring the engine in under its own steam, as further damage is liable to result. In this case it is better to disconnect all rods, raise the main drivers clear of the rail and chain, them together, or else chain them to the frames, so as to prevent the driver where the axle is broken from falling off, and have the engine towed in. In either of the above cases the driver brake should be cut out of service. Where the main drivers are raised clear of the rail it will not be necessary to take down the eccentric straps.

14. Broken Back Axle, Eight-Wheel Engine. In case the back axle should break outside of the driving box, the probability is that the side rods would be broken also; whether they are or not, all side rods should be taken down. The wheel at which the axle is broken will naturally fall; the broken end of the axle should be jacked up and a block placed between the pedestal brace and bottom of oil cellar, and between the spring saddle and top of frame; the other wheel should be raised clear of the rail by running it up on a block and blocking between the pedestal brace and bottom of oil cellar, and between the spring saddle and top of frame; it may also be advisable to block on top of both main driving boxes and under the frames, to carry the excessive load thrown on these springs. The driver brake should be cut out and the engine brought in with the main wheels only. Should there be too much overhang, a part of the weight can be transferred to the tender by means of ties or rails laid from the engine deck to the deck of the tender and the engine chained up to them.

In case the back axle breaks inside of the frame, so that the wheels still remain in position, the side rods should be removed and both wheels run up on blocks so as to clear the rail, and then held in this position by blocking between the cellars and the binder braces and between the spring saddles and top of frame, then chain the wheels together or chain them to the frames; also block over the main driving boxes and proceed with the main wheels only. In this case, also, part of the weight of the engine should be carried on the tender, as before. The driver brake should be cut out of service.

15. Broken Front Driving Axle, Mogul Engine.-In case the front driving axle should break on an engine of this type, either inside or outside of the frames, all side rods must be removed

and the engine brought in with the main drivers only; this because the knuckle joint, as a rule, is back of the main wheels. If the axle is broken in such a manner that the wheels are still in place, they should be raised to clear the rail and carried in that position by blocking between the pedestal braces and bottoms of cellars, and between the spring saddles and top of frame, and either chained across from one wheel to the other or each wheel chained to the frame to hold them in position. Care must be taken in this instance to see that the crank pins are in such a position that they will clear the crossheads. As in all other cases of a broken axle, the driver brake should be cut out of service. 16. Broken Main Arle, Mogul Engine.

Should the main axle on an engine of this type break outside of the driving box, all side rods should be removed together with the main rod on the disabled side, and the crosshead blocked securely; the valve stem on that side should also be disconnected and the valve clamped to cover the ports. Remove the broken off wheel and jack up the broken end of the axle into position; block between the pedestal brace and bottom of cellar, and between the spring saddle and top of frame; now remove the jack, cut out the driver brake, and proceed with the light engine, as in this case there is only one main rod and driving wheel in actual service. In case the axle should break between the frames the engine is totally disabled, and therefore will have to be towed in; all rods should be taken down and the wheels on the broken axle raised to clear the rail and blocked in this position, securing same either by chaining across from one to the other or by chaining to the frame. It will not be necessary to take down the eccentric straps where the wheels clear the rail.

17. Broken Back Axle, Mogul Engine. Where the back axle on a Mogul engine breaks outside of the driving box and no other damage is done, disconnect both back sections of side rods, remove the broken off wheel and jack up the broken end of the axle into position, blocking between the pedestal brace and bottom of the cellar, and blocking either between the spring saddle and top of frame or between the equalizer and bottom of frame, according to type of spring rigging used, so as to relieve that box of its weight; then block on top of the main driving box and under the frame

In this case, if the main tires are blind it will be necessary to chain across from the tail brace of the engine on the side having the broken axle to the opposite side of the tender frame, so as to hold the good flange against the rail. If the back end of the engine settles down, carry part of the weight on the tender, as explained in Article 4. The driver brake should be cut out of service. In a case of this kind the engine can still handle about two-thirds of its rating. If the axle should break between the boxes, proceed to block up in exactly the same manner as just described, except that both wheels will have to be raised and blocked clear of the rail, and then chained together so as to hold them in place.

18. Broken Driving Axle, Ten-Wheel Engine. On ten-wheel engines in case of a broken driving axle, it can be handled the same as for a similar breakdown on a Mogul engine.

19. Broken Front Driving Axle, Consolidation or Decapod Engine.-In case the front driving axle breaks on a Consolidation or Decapod engine, either inside or outside the frames, and no other damage is done, the front sections of side rods should be disconnected, and if the wheels are still in place they should be raised to clear the rail by running them up on blocks and blocking between the cellars and binder braces, and between the spring saddles and top of frame; at the same time the wheels should be chained either to each other or to the frame, so as to hold them in place. The driver brake should be cut out of service. In this case, care must be taken to see that the crank pins are placed in such a position as to clear the crossheads. This precaution must especially be taken on engines fitted with the Walschaert valve gear where the combination lever is on the inside of the crosshead.

20. Broken Intermediate Axle, Consolidation or Decapod Engine.-In case of a broken intermediate axle on a Consolidation or Decapod engine, either inside or outside of the frames, it will be necessary to take down all side rods, and if the wheels are still in place they should be raised to clear the rail by running them up on blocks and blocking between the pedestal braces and the cellars, and between the spring saddles and top of frame, at the same time chaining the wheels together or chaining them to the frames, so as to hold them in place. In

this case, also, note if the front crank pins clear the crosshead, then cut out the driver brake and proceed, using the two main drivers only.

21. Broken Main Axle, Consolidation or Decapod Engine.-If the main axle should break outside of the driving box on this class of engine, and no other damage is done, all side rods, together with the main rod on the disabled side, should be removed; the crosshead should then be blocked securely and the valve stem on the side where the axle is broken should be disconnected and the valve clamped to cover the ports, then remove the broken-off wheels, jack up the broken end of the axle to position, and block between the pedestal brace and the cellar; also block between the spring saddle and top of frame, to relieve that box of its weight. Then cut out the driver brake and proceed with the engine to the terminal with but a single main rod and a single driving wheel in service. In a case of this kind, however, the engine would not handle itself on anything but a level road; therefore, if there are any hills to climb, it is advisable to disconnect the engine and put it in shape to be towed in, that is, to either disconnect the other main rod and valve stem also, or else swing the main wheel to clear the rail, in which case the main rod can be left up.

22. Broken Back Axle, Consolidation or Decapod Engine.-Should the back axle break outside of the driving box, and no other damage is done, both back sections of side rods should be disconnected and the broken end of the axle jacked up to position and held there by blocking between the cellar and binder brace, also blocking between the spring saddle and top of frame, so as to take the weight off that box. As in all previous cases of broken axles, the driver brake should be cut out of service. If the second or main drivers have blind tires there will be nothing to keep the good back wheel from leading into the point of a frog, and it will be necessary to chain across from the tail brace of engine on the disabled side to the front corner of the tender frame on the opposite side, so as to keep the good wheel against the rail. In case the axle should break between the boxes, both back sections of side rods should be disconnected and the wheels raised to clear the rail, blocking them in position, then either chaining the wheels together or chaining them to

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