and childhood are throughout the world, the same in London, New York, Chicago and all large cities. Every large city becomes the field for the proliferation of all kinds of diseases and as infants have less resisting power they are the easiest attacked. If an infant came into the world perfect with perfect surroundings very few would die but more come into the world imperfect; one-tenth of all the children born die in one month, one-fourth in one year, one-half in before five years of age. The cause of the mortality in children may be classed under three heads: 1. Hereditary disease; 2. Zymotic disease; 3. Lack of natural affection. I believe that not more than one-third of the children born are wanted by their parents and the mothers are in constant rebellion during gestation and the nursing period. Food is often given very unwisely and too little attention is given to proper clothing as to texture and equality of warmth and pressure over various portions of the body.

Dr. W. D. Booker of Baltimore read the last paper of the session on Modern Methods of Preparing Food for Infants. The advance in the study of infantile diet has been great in the last few years and the universal conclusion has been reached that, next to mother's milk, the best and most rarely blamed article of food is cow's milk. And the subject. now resolves itself into its proper preparation and administration; next to the quality of the food is to be considered the quantity which should be given and this is not a matter which is easily determined. We can best be guided by the manner in which it is digested as evidenced by the stools, vomit, etc., also by the production of colic and sleeplessness. If digestion is faulty the quantity of food should be reduced until easily assimilated and then gradually increased. The superiority of mother's milk over cow's milk lies in its purity, rather than its quality. We may render cow's milk almost as good by proper sterilization; the character of the food and water given to the cow is of great importance. As cows suffering from contagious disease will exhale the germs and the infection of the milk usually

takes place from without, from the udder or tail of the cow, hands of the attendant, etc., the milking should be carried on under as nearly antiseptic precaution as possible, and sterilization of the milk should be done soon after the milking. The bottle and utensils should be kept scrupulously clean, the nipple should be thoroughly sterilized and kept so, not given to the child to play with. Milk to be kept any length of time should be sterilized for one hour a day for three successive days at 100° Centigrade. If it is to be used in one day it must only by sterilized for one hour at 100° Centigrade. In conclusion, sterilization of milk is the greatest method we possess of preventing summer diarrhea and if carried to sufficient extent the disease may be almost entirely wiped out.

SECTION ON PRACTICE OF MEDICINE.

FOURTH DAY, FRIDAY, MAY 10.

Dr. J. H. Kellogg of Battle Creek, Michigan, read a paper on New Methods of Precision in the Investigation of Functional Disorders of Digestion, in which he spoke of the digestion of sugar and starch and reported on 4000 cases in his practice. This was discussed by Dr. Webster of Chicago.

Dr. I. E. Atkinson of Baltimore reported a Case of Suppurative Pancreatitis with Necropsy which he thought at first was hepatic colic. This was discussed by Dr. Webster and Dr. Stockton.

Dr. F. B. Turck of Chicago read a paper on Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract. Other papers were read by title.

SECTION ON SURGERY AND ANATOMY.

FOURTH DAY, FRIDAY, MAY IO.

Dr. Thomas H. Manley of New York read a paper entitled Deformities following Fractures of the Shafts of Bones, dividing them into preventable and those beyond control. In his experience in many cases a disfigurement is unavoidable. Many other papers in this section were read by title.

CORRESPONDENCE.

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE

MEDICAL SOCIETY.

CHAMBERSBURG,

May 24, 1895.

Following closely upon the medical conventions held in Baltimore in May, our neighbors to the northward, the Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania, convened in their Forty-fifth Annual Session at Chambersburg, on Tuesday, the 21st.

The session was called to order on Tuesday morning by the President, Dr. John B. Roberts, of Philadelphia. The programme for the four days embraced the following: Address of welcome by the Hon. John Stewart, of Chambersburg. Address in Medicine, Dr. J. C. Gable of York; Hygiene, Dr. Hildegarde H. Longsdorf, Carlisle; Surgery, Dr. C. L. Stevens, Athens; Obstetrics, Dr. W. B. Ulrich, Chester; Address of the President, Dr. John B. Roberts of Philadelphia; Mental Disorders, Dr. F. X. Dercum of Philadelphia; and over seventy papers covering a wide range of topics and limited to ten minutes each.

The following social entertainments were provided and admirably conducted to the enjoyment of all: Wednesday evening, an Informal Reception at Wilson College by the President and Faculty. Thursday evening, visit to the new Soldier's Orphan Industrial School at Scotland, and excursion to Mont Alto Park and banquet. Friday, excursion to Gettysburg.

The most popular subject for presentation was Typhoid Fever, the topic having been so often treated that after the eighth paper it was proposed to group them together and give the subject a full session. Dr. George S. Hull exposed some of the popular fallacies on electricity. Dr. Benjamin Lee, Secretary of the State Board of Health, read an able paper on The Necessity for a State System of Registration of Vital Statistics in Pennsylvania, the result of

which was the adoption of a resolution endorsing the paper and urging the Legislature to pass the bill providing an appropriation.

A motion to endorse the use of individual communion cups called forth a storm of protests, and by an almost unanimous vote was laid on the table. A resolution was adopted requesting chemists to omit directions for use from

catalogues of medicines and also requesting the publication of the ingredients of remedies. The report of the Nominating Committee was adopted,

and these officers were elected: Presi

dent, W. S. Foster, Pittsburgh; VicePresidents, John Montgomery, Chambersburg; A. P. Hull, Lycoming; F. H. Sharpnack, Greene; A. B. Brumbaugh, Huntingdon; Secretary, W. B. Atkinson, Philadelphia; Assistant Secretary, A. L. Stevens, Bradford; Treasurer, G. B. Dunmire, Philadelphia; Board of Trustees and Judicial Council, D. W. Bland, Schuylkill; T. P. Simpson, Beaver, and Henry Beattes, Jr., Philadelphia.

The exhibitors, with their accustomed wide-awakefulness and business enterprise, made a very creditable display of surgical and pharmaceutical products. But the ever-recurring question of how to elicit greater interest on the part of delegates to this feature of medical conventions again presents itself. The JOURNAL was the pioneer, we believe, in the agitation of that subject, and through its series of questions propounded at the Baltimore convention had called forth some very practical suggestions, the influence of which has already become manifest. The following firms were represented:

D. Appleton & Co., W. D. Allison Co., Armour & Co., William Barnett, F. A. Davis Co., Doliber-Goodale Co., Fairchild Bros., & Foster, Grosvenor & Co., Horlick's Food Co., Hygeia Mineral Water Co., Keasbey & Mattison, Kress & Owen, Londonderry Lithia Water Co., Chas. Lentz & Sons, Maltine Manufacturing Co., Charles Marchand, Medical Novelty Co., McConnell Germ Proof Filter Co., McKesson & Robbins, New York Pharmaceutical Co., David Nicholson, Oakland Chemical Co.,Ostertog & Walton, Philadelphia Typewriter Exchange, W. B. Saunders, Seawright Lithia Water Co., Schull, Tuttle & Co., Tarrant & Co., Tar-Burner Lithia Co., Wm. R. Warner & Co., John Wyeth & Bro.

MARYLAND

stand taken in some States on food adulteration, he thinks that too great stress is laid on

PUBLISHED WEEKLY.

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $3.00 a year, payable in advance, including postage for the United States, Canada and Mexico. Subscriptions may begin with any date.

DATE OF PAYMENT.-The date following the subscriber's name on the label shows the time to which payment has been made. Subscribers are earnestly requested to avoid arrearages. CHANGES OF ADDRESS.-When a change of address is ordered, both the old and new address must be given. Notice should be sent a week in advance of the change desired.

TO CORRESPONDENTS.-Original articles are solicited from members of the profession throughout the world. Reprints will be furnished in payment of accepted articles if the author's wish is so stated at the time.

CORRESPONDENCE upon subjects of general or special interest, prompt intelligence of local matters of interest to the profession, items of news, etc., are respectfully solicited. Marked copies of other publications sent us should bear the notice "marked copy" on wrapper.

Address: MARYLAND MEDICAL JOURNAL, 209 Park Ave., Baltimore, Md.

on "

Popular Fallacies as to Alcohol and Tobacco" discusses the subject from the standpoint of an analytical chemist and his views as published in the Medical Examiner deserve attention.

There is probably no unbiased person who I would not admit that alcohol does infinitely more harm than good in its use. The writer does not take into account the moral effects of the drug given in excessive quantities and claims to be without bias. He lays bare what he is pleased to call fallacies and these deserve further remark. In view of the

the impression that if whiskey and other stimulants are only pure and free from adulteration they would be comparatively harmless. This he seeks to contradict, by saying that it is the alcohol in all such stimulants that has the effect and a man may become a drunkard from pure as well as from impure whiskey; and, indeed, in analysing whiskies taken at random from the highest and lowest dealers he claims that the cheap whiskies do the least harm, because they contain the least amount of alcohol. The adulterations are usually inert and of little effect as compared to the alcohol contained. The alcoholic drinks from beer with its two per cent. of spirit to brandy with its 60 per cent., all depend on this spirit for their intoxicating effect whatever the other ingredients may be. The purest does just as much harm and probable more than the adulterated.

As for tobacco, this chemist finds that prejudice has much to do with legislation against certain forms of tobaccos, notably the cigarette. The active principle in all tobacco is the nicotine, which in the growing youth most certainly affects the body, and indeed in all excessive smokers the poisonous principle of the tobacco makes known its effects in many cases. The adulterations which are commonly supposed to be put into cigarettes this chemist finds are not present, not because the manufacturers might not hesitate to put them there, but because such things as opium, lead, arsenic, etc., are all too expensive to be incorporated into cigarette tobacco. The great danger of cigarettes is, according to this chemist, the convenient form in which they are sold, too often in broken packages at a small price within the reach of the poorest; more of them are consumed and more nicotine is absorbed at an age when the body is growing. The paper he found to be as a rule pure and free from all harmless adulteration. A pleasant and attractive flavor allures the youth into consuming more cigarettes than are good for him. He says in conclusion:

"The purest tobacco is undoubtedly that which is prepared for pipe smoking; purer, in my opinion, than that found in the average cigar; yet the nearer it comes to the absolutely pure leaf the higher the per cent. of nicotine; but neither in the cigar, nor cigar

ette, nor chopped or cut tobacco, is there at this day, among all the adulterations, anything approaching in potency this nicotine which they contain.

"Whether we are smokers or non-smokers, whether we are moderate or immoderate drinkers or total abstainers, let us fearlessly and honestly and intelligently instruct the rising generation that alcohol and tobacco are substances to be avoided by youth, no matter in what form, or under what name they may be sold; and let the intelligent physician, who meets in his practice the too slavish devotee of the tobacco habit or the votary of alcohol, inform his patient in all candor and fearlessness that it is the alcohol and nicotine which he must let alone, and not endeavor to shift him from port to sherry or from cigar to pipe under the vain delusiou that if one harms the other will benefit.

***

WITHIN One week in April, the University of Leipzig, Germany, and the whole medical world has suffered a great Recent Deaths. loss in the death of two men whose names were known over the whole scientific world, and whose work impressed all the teachings in the past ten years. One was Karl Ludwig and the other Karl Thiersch. The foreign medical press in noticing the death of these two men makes the following comments:

"Professor Karl Ludwig, one of the greatest physiologists of Germany, died in Leipzig, on April 25. He was born in 1816, at Witzenhausen and took the degree of doctor in 1839, afterwards becoming privat-docent in 1842, at the University of Marburg. This town he left in 1849 for Zürich, where he staid for six years as Extraordinary Professor. In 1856 he was appointed Ordinary Professor at the abolished Academy for Army Surgeons in Vienna. For the last thirty years he was Professor of Physiology in the University of Leipzig, which owes to him no small part of its renown. At a very early period of his academical career he opposed all the transcendental theories in physiology which were then in vogue, and his first published work entitled The Mechanism of the Secretion of Urine,' explained the formation of urine in the kidney on merely mechanical principles. He improved physiological methods by the introduction of apparatus for the graphic recording of results, the most notable being

probably the kymograph. He was the author of important researches on the circulation of the blood, on the influence of respiration on the circulation, and on the action of the medulla oblongata on the circulation. He also made very valuable researches on the part played by the nervous system in glandular secretion. Not only physiology, but also pathology and clinical medicine are greatly indebted to him. Among his pupils need only be mentioned the late Professor Cohnheim, formerly one of the leading pathologists of Germany. The Physiological Institute of Leipzig, of which Professor Ludwig was the director, was a center of attraction not only for students, but also for graduates, who came there from all parts of the world to study under his direction. Professor Ludwig's name will ever hold an honored place in the history of medicine.

"In the death of Professor Thiersch another of the prominent leaders of German surgery, whose reputations were won in the campaigns of thirty and forty years ago, has passed away. Professor Thiersch was born at Munich in 1822, and had just completed his seventy-fourth year when he died on the 28th ult. After studying at Berlin, Vienna and Paris, he obtained his doctorate at Munich, his graduation thesis being on the Action of Drugs. He engaged as surgeon in 1850, in the second Schleswig-Holstein campaign, when he served under Stromeyer, whose teaching and example had much influence on him. From 1848 to 1854 he was prosector in the Munich Pathological Institute; in 1854 he was appointed Professor of Surgery at the University of Erlangen, and was transferred thence to Leipzig in 1867, where he occupied the chair of Surgery for twenty-eight years. In the war of 1870 he was consulting surgeongeneral to the 12th Army Corps (Saxon). His writings have not been numerous. Perhaps the most important was the monograph on Epithelial Cancer published in 1865, which was marked by great originality and advanced considerably the histology of epithelioma. His work upon Skin Grafting is also well known. He contributed an article to the first volume of the Pitha-Billroth Hand-book of Surgery upon the 'Minute Anatomical Changes following Wounds of Soft Parts,' another histological study which opened up new conceptions of the healing of wounds. He was an earnest follower of the Listerian methods.

Dr. Richard J. Dunglison has been reelected President of the Musical Fund Society of Philadelphia.

The ordinance to put typhoid fever on the list of diseases to be reported awaits the stroke of the mayor's pen.

Mr. Henry P. Hynson of Hynson, Westcott & Co. was elected President of the Maryland State Pharmaceutical Association.

Smallpox has been reported in Staunton, Virginia, Wheeling and Martinsburg, West Virginia, Concord, New Hampshire, Indianapolis and Philadelphia.

The ordinance to appropriate $500 for free public baths for Baltimore has passed both branches of the City Council and awaits the Mayor's signature.

Dr. Perceval S. Rossiter of the Class of 1895, University of Maryland, has been appointed assistant resident physician at the Maryland Hospital for the Insane.

Dr. E. Behring has been appointed Professor and Director of the Hygienic Institute in the University of Marburg in succession to Professor Carl Fraenkel.

The male chorus from Dr. John C. Hemmeter's cantata "Hygeia" was beautifully rendered at the Music Hall reception by the Germania Maennerchor.

Dr. Noeggerath, the well known gynecologist who formerly practiced in New York, died in Wiesbaden, Germany, where he had been living for the past six years.

Among the entertainments not noted during the Association meeting was a dinner by the Flint Club, one by Dr. George H. Rohé at the Maryland Hospital and a reception by the Woman's Medical College.

The State Medical Examining and Licensing Board elected the following officers for the ensuing year; President, Dr. W. W. Potter of Buffalo; Vice-President, Dr. J. M. Hayes of Greensboro, N. C.; Secretary, Dr. B. N. Griffith of Springfield, Ill.

The New York Legislature has enacted a law making it mandatory upon cities of that State having populations of over 50,000 in. habitants to establish free public baths, and authorizing cities with less than 50,000 inhabitants to raise money for a like purpose.

Dr. Max Simon Nordau, the author of "Degeneration," says the Journal, is a medically educated man. He was born at BudaPesth in 1849, took his medical degree in 1873 traveled and studied medicine for five years, at the end of which time he made his permanent home in Paris. He became a correspondent of the Frankfurter Zeitung and other German journals, also contributing social and political writings to various French reviews, some of which attracted marked notice.

The American Medical Temperance Association elected the following officers: Dr. N. S. Davis of Chicago, Ill., President; Dr. I. N. Quimby, Jersey City, N. J., Dr. J. B. Whiting Janesville, Wis.; Dr. F. E. Yoakum, Shreveport, La.; Dr. J. Taft, Cincin nati, O., Vice-Presidents; Dr. T. D. Crothers of Hartford, Ct., Secretary, and Dr. G. W. Webster, Chicago, Ill., Treasurer, were all reelected to fill the same offices during the ensuing year. Dr. J. H. Kellogg of Battle Creek, Mich., was elected Corresponding Secretary.

The following new appointments for 189596 to the faculty of the Woman's Medical College, McCulloh and Hoffman streets, have been made: Dr. Claribel Cone, professor of pathology; Dr. Edith Eareckson, lecturer on hygiene; Dr. Louise Eaton, resident physician of the Maternité Hospital; Dr. Sue Radcliff, resident physician of the Good Samaritan Hospital; Dr. B. B. Lanier, professor of operative surgery; Dr. G. Milton Linthicum, professor of physiology; Dr. W. M. Lewis, professor of normal histology; Dr. S. G. Davis, demonstrator of anatomy.