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PISCATAQUA FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Portsmouth, N. H. Organized 1907: capital, $10,000. Calvin Page, president; Joseph O. Hobbs, vice-president; Alfred F. Howard, secretary.

PITTSBURGH FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa. Organized 1851; capital, $200,000. John G. Sell, president; D. C. Shaw, vice-president; G. R. Dette, secretary; J. D. C. Miller, treasurer.

POLICY FORMS AND LAWS. Agitation for a uniform policy began almost in the infancy of what may be called the modern practice of fire underwriting. In the records of the Salamander Society of New York, which was an organization of local fire insurance companies in 1821, and the forerunner of the New York Board of Fire Underwriters, allusion is made to the appointment of a special committee to draft a form. This committee reported to the association June 19, 1821, with a proposed form, which, after it had been submitted to the directors of the company separately, and had received their approval, was adopted and came into general use. It was the model upon which all subsequent improved policies were made in the United States.

The National Board of Fire Underwriters was organized in 1866, and the very first subject which claimed its attention after it convened was a form of policy, the board resolving, “that this board recommend to the executive committee to draft a fire policy to be used by all fire insurance companies belonging to this association." A form was reported to the board at its second annual meeting, in 1868, and adopted. Although the subject of a uniform standard policy to become obligatory was stirred up in the legislatures of New York and Massachusetts several years prior to this. Connecticut appears to have been the first state actually to adopt a law requiring a standard form, which was in 1867. The law, however, was repealed a year later.

It should be added that many companies have adopted the New York standard for use wherever there is no other compulsory form, so that, with the exception of the slight changes made by the Michigan form, and the special forms in Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Iowa, Oregon, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, a uniform policy is written by the leading companies all over the United States. The laws of several states require that the New York standard form be used. The laws of Arizona, West Virginia, Idaho, and Washington require that no policy shall be issued in the state other than the New York standard form " as now or may be hereafter instituted," but Washington and Idaho make exceptions to permit the use of riders adding to or relating to those contained in the policy, and permitting forms of description and specifications of the property insured. The West Virginia law permits such changes and additions as the insurance commissioner may deem proper. The laws of Georgia require that "each and every company shall adopt and write a standard or uniform policy such as may be prescribed by the commissioner." A Maryland law requires that all policies issued in the state shall have marked or stamped the words, "authorized to do

business in the state of Maryland " with a fac-simile of the signature of the insurance commissioner. The insurance commissioner of West Virginia has ruled that the requirement of the New York law regarding the selection of an umpire shall be attached to policies issued in West Virginia. [For a history and summary of legislation in the different states regarding standard forms, see Cyclopedia for 1911-13 and earlier volumes.]

In recent years criticism and suggestions have resulted in new forms being proposed, and a committee of the National Convention of Insurance Commissioners early in 1915 reported a proposed form, which the committee approved and submitted for criticism. There was legislation in 1915 in Iowa, Maine, Washington, and South Carolina, amending the existing requirements in those states, and North Carolina and Pennsylvania enacted legislation prescribing a new form, which went into effect January 1, 1916, and was substantially the form proposed by the committee of the Insurance Commissioners Convention. [See Cyclopedia for 1915.]

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The Texas law, creating the "State Insurance Commission," gives the commission power to make, promulgate and establish uniform policies forms, and no other form may be used, and the commission also prescribes the clauses and endorsements that may be used. The state commission in 1917 prescribed a new form of policy which went into effect June 1, and legislation was enacted in New York, Wisconsin, and California in 1917 amending existing standard forms. The Wisconsin law went into effect January 1, 1918.

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Legislation was enacted in several states in 1916 and 1917 permitting fire insurance companies to not only write insurance against loss or damage to property from explosion or bombardment, but from war, invasion, insurrection, riot, civil war, civil commotion including strike, or military or usurped power.' These hazards, incident to the existence of a state of war, were hazards not covered under the regular legal form of policy.

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At a conference of fire underwriters, held in New York in April, 1917, a form of policy was adopted providing for full war coverage, and a rider to be attached to existing explosion policies, assuming the full war risks, was also adopted. The conference also approved the writing of separate policies covering war risks, but excluding explosion. [For full text of form see Cyclopedia for 1917.]

POLICIES, NON-CONCURRENT, APPORTIONMENT. [See Non-Concurrent Policies - Apportionment.]

POLICY, VALUED FIRE. [See Valued Policy Laws.]

PORTSMOUTH FIRE ASSOCIATION, Portsmouth, N. H. Oanized 1887; capital, $50,000. Calvin Page, president; Joseph O. Hobbs, vice-president; Alfred F. Howard, secretary; John W. Emery, assistant secretary.

POTOMAC INSURANCE COMPANY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, Washington, D. C. Chartered by special act of U. S. Congress 1831; capital, paid in, $200,000. George W. White,

president; Thos. C. Moore, vice-president and manager; Charles W. Fairfax, second vice-president; Alexander K. Phillips, secretary; H. P. Howard, assistant secretary. The company is controlled by the General Accident of Perth, Scotland.

PRESS INSURANCE. [See Insurance Journalism, life section.]

PROTECTION MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Chicago, Ill. Organized 1887. H. N. Wade, president; P. J. Halla, secretary.

PROVIDENCE

MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, THE, Providence, R. I. Organized 1800. Edward L. Watson, president; Wm. G. Nightingale, vice-president; B. M. MacDougall, secretary.

PROVIDENCE WASHINGTON INSURANCE COMPANY of Providence, R. I. Incorporated 1799; capital, $1,000,000. J. B. Branch, president; C. D. Dunlop, vice-president; A. G. Beals, secretary; G. C. House, marine vice-president; Geo. E. Bixby, treasurer; W. H. Phillips, assistant secretary; J. C. Keegan, marine secretary.

PRUDENTIAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Manchester, N. H. Organized 1909; capital, paid in, $100,000. Joseph Quirin, president; A. J. Precourt, vice-president; A. L. Gadbois, secretary; T. J. Labrecque, treasurer; George V. Roy, assistant secretary.

PRUSSIAN NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY of Stettin, Germany. Harold W. Letton, United States manager; George S. Valentine, assistant manager; Insurance Exchange, Chicago, Ill. The company was required to cease business under provisions of the "Trading with the Enemy" act.

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QUEEN CITY FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Sioux Falls, S. D. Organized 1905; capital, $200,000. Thos. H. Brown, president; W. L. Baker, vice-president; H. R. Dennis, second vice-president; C. L. Norton, treasurer; Denny P. Lemen, secretary and manager.

QUEEN INSURANCE. COMPANY of America, New York. Organized 1891; capital, $,000,000. Edward F. Beddall, president; George W. Burchell, vice-president; Nevett S. Bartow, secretary.

QUINCY MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Quincy, Mass. Organized 1851. Charles A. Howland, president; J. F. Young, secretary; H. M. Faxon, treasurer.

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RAILWAY UNDERWRITERS. An association of underwriters organized for the purpose of insuring all classes of property owned or in possession of steam railroad companies against loss from fire, and having headquarters at Chicago. The officers are: President, A. G. Dugan, Hartford Fire; vice-president, J. C. Harding, Springfield Fire and Marine; secretary and treasurer, J. C. Ingram, Great-American of New York. George M. Fisher is manager and W. N. Cornell, assistant manager.

RATING SCHEDULES. [See Systems of Rating in Fire Insurance, this volume.]

REBATE TO INSURED.

[See Anti-Rebate Laws, life section.]

RECEIPTS FROM AND REMITTANCES TO HOME OFFICES OF FOREIGN FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE COMPANIES IN 1917. The reports of the insurance departments for 1918 make the following statement of the amounts remitted by foreign companies in this country to their home offices and their receipts from the same in 1917:

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