THAMES AND MERSEY MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY, THE, LTD., of Liverpool, England. H. K. Fowler, New York, resident manager.

TIVERTON AND LITTLE COMPTON MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Little Compton, R. I. Incorporated 1865; began business 1866. Pardon C. Brownell, president; Frederick R Brownell, secretary; J. G. Wordell, assistant secretary.

TOKIO FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY, Limited, Tokio, Japan. Appleton & Cox, attorneys, New York, N. Y., marine department. The company began to write fire insurance business in the United States in 1918; reinsuring the business of the Aachen and Munich Fire Insurance Company. Johnson & Higgins are general attorneys for the fire insurance branch, and J. Ă. Kelsey, managing underwriter.

TRADERS' AND MECHANICS' INSURANCE COMPANY, Lowell, Mass. Organized 1848. Nicholas G. Norcross, president; E. M. Tucke, secretary and treasurer.

TREZEVANT & COCHRAN, Dallas, Texas. Established 1876. (J. T. Trezevant, Sam P. Cochran, F. D. Cochran, T. L. Lauve.) Field covered, Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and New Mexico.

TRUSTS, LAWS AGAINST. [See Anti-Compact Laws.]

TWIN CITY FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Minneapolis, Minn. Organized 1913; capital, $500,000. G. A. Mowry, president; Milton H. Schussler, W. A. Gordon, secretaries; Wm. Walsh, assistant secretary; F. H. Peterson, treasurer.

U

or

UNAUTHORIZED FIRE INSURANCE. The writing placing insurance in a company not licensed to do business in the state in which the risk is located, has been a subject of much discussion, and legislation in several different forms has been enacted to prevent the practice. The legislation, together with action taken by state insurance officials and other agencies, has had effect, and this class of business is less common than formerly. The legislation dealing with this subject in some cases makes it a misdemeanor for a person to place or hold a policy in a company not authorized to do business in the state, and in other states a heavy tax on the premium is imposed on the holder of such a policy. The Idaho courts have held that such a tax law is unconstitutional. [See Reinsurance and Surplus Line Laws, Fire Section.]

UNDERWRITERS' AGENCIES, JOINT POLICIES OF FIRE INSURANCE COMPANIES WRITTEN BY. [For action of certain state insurance departments against "underwriters' " combinations of fire insurance companies, see Cyclopedia for 1898-99.]

In 1897 the Massachusetts department ruled that "underwriters' agencies policies were illegal. The action of the Massachusetts commissioner was followed by similar rulings by the departments of Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri, and Michigan. Such policies had previously been written all over the country, but, with few exceptions, were 'joint policies," the "underwriters' agency being composed of two or more companies, and but few such agencies were in operation. In recent years so-called "underwriters' agencies have greatly increased in number, and it may be said differ somewhat from the earlier agencies, in that the large majority of such policies, or "agencies," are guaranteed by single company, and are put forth in many cases to retain the agency representation of a reinsured company. Underwriters' agencies have increased greatly in recent years, and their status is again brought to the attention of state insurance officials.

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The attorney general of Oklahoma has ruled that such agencies are illegal unless it is shown clearly that such agencies are acting as general agents of the parent company. The Wisconsin laws provide that no insurance company, department or general agency of an insurance company shall issue any contract . . . giving the appearance of a separate or independent insuring organization upon the part of any department or general agency," and the name of the company assuming the risk shall be set forth more conspicuously than that of any department or general agency.

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The Connecticut department early in 1916 issued the following ruling. This department will not issue certificates to agents to represent Underwriters' Agencies. Your application for such agencies will not be accepted unless you apply for the Company which writes such policies."

The following is a list of the principal Underwriters' Agencies in business when this record closed:

Etna Fire Underwriters, guaranteed by Etna Insurance Company, Hartford. Allegheny Fire Underwriters, guaranteed by Humboldt Fire Insurance Company, Pittsburgh.

American Underwriters' Agency, guaranteed by Insurance Company of the State of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

Atlas Underwriters, guaranteed by Atlas Assurance Company, London.

Ben Franklin Underwriters, guaranteed by National Ben Franklin Insurance Company, Pittsburgh, Pa.

British Underwriters, guaranteed by Scottish Union and National Insurance Company, Hartford.

British and Federal Underwriters, guaranteed by Norwich Union Fire Insurance

Society.

Calumet Underwriters, guaranteed by National Union Insurance Company, Pittsburgh. Cincinnati Underwriters, composed of the Eureka Fire and Marine and Security Insurance Companies of Cincinnati.

Colonial Underwriters, guaranteed by the National Fire of Hartford. Columbia Fire Underwriters, guaranteed by National Fire Insurance Company, Hartford.

Commercial Underwriters' Agency, guaranteed by Home Fire, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Delaware Underwriters, guaranteed by Westchester Fire Insurance Company, New York.

Duquesne Underwriters, guaranteed by National Union Fire Insurance Company, Pittsburgh.

Eastern Underwriters' Agency, guaranteed by Camden Fire Insurance Association, Camden, N. J.

Equitable Insurance Alliance, guaranteed by Phoenix Fire and Equitable Fire and Marine Insurance Companies. (Issued on Pacific coast only.)

Exchange Underwriters, guaranteed by Royal Exchange Assurance Com pany, London.

English American Underwriters, guaranteed by the London and Lancashire Insurance Company.

Firemen's Underwriters, guaranteed by Firemen's Insurance Company, Newark, N. J. Federal Underwriters, limited, guaranteed by the Canada National Fire Insurance Company, Winnipeg, Man.

Fire and Marine Underwriters', guaranteed by Automobile Insurance Company, Hartford.

Georgia Fire Underwriters, guaranteed by the Royal Insurance Company. Globe Underwriters' Agency, guaranteed by Globe and Rutgers Insurance Company, New York.

German Underwriters, guaranteed by the Milwaukee Mechanics, Milwaukee. Wis.

German Alliance Insurance Association, composed of the Great American and American Alliance of New York.

Hand-in-Hand Underwriters, guaranteed by Commercial Union Assurance Company, London. Hawkeye Underwriters, guaranteed by Fireman's Fund Insurance Company, San Francisco, Cal.

Hibernia Underwriters, guaranteed by Home Insurance Company, New York. Holland American Underwriters, guaranteed by Prussian National and Netherlands Insurance Companies.

Home Underwriters, guaranteed by Home Insurance Company, New York. Illinois Underwriters, guaranteed by the Hanover Fire Insurance Company, New York.

Insurance Exchange Underwriters, guaranteed by Mechanic's Insurance Company, Philadelphia.

Iowa Underwriters, guaranteed by Dubuque Fire and Marine Insurance Company.

Insurance Underwriters' Agency, N. Y., guaranteed by Insurance Company of the State of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

Jersey Fire Underwriters, guaranteed by American Fire Insurance Company, Newark, Ñ. J.

Keystone Underwriters, composed of German, Union, Western and GermanAmerican insurance companies, Pittsburgh, Pa.

tion.

London Underwriters' Agency, guaranteed by London Assurance CorporaLumber Underwriters, guaranteed by Home Insurance Company, Fordyce, Arkansas.

Manchester Underwriters, guaranteed by Atlas Assurance, London, Eng. Mercantile Fire and Marine Underwriters, guaranteed by American Central Insurance Company, St. Louis, Mo.

Col.

Mercantile Underwriters, guaranteed by Merchants Insurance Company, Denver, Middlewest Underwriters, guaranteed by Twin City Fire Insurance Company, Minneapolis.

Minnesota Underwriters, guaranteed by St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Company, St. Paul, Minn.

New England Underwriters, guaranteed by the Capital Insurance Company of Concord, N. H.

New Haven Underwriters, guaranteed by the Security Insurance Company, New Haven, Conn.

New Jersey Underwriters', guaranteed by American Insurance Company, Newark, N. J.

New York-California Underwriters, guaranteed by City of New York and California insurance companies (issued only in California).

New York Underwriters' Agency, guaranteed by the Hartford Fire Insurance Company.

Niagara-Detroit Underwriters, guaranteed by Detroit Fire and Marine, Michigan Fire and Marine and Niagara Fire insurance companies.

Northwestern Underwriters, guaranteed by the Northwestern National of

Milwaukee.

Penn Underwriters, guaranteed by United American, Pittsburgh, and New Jersey fire insurance companies. (Issued in Louisiana.)

Pennsylvania Underwriters, guaranteed by Westchester Fire Insurance Company, New York.

Philadelphia Underwriters, guaranteed by the Insurance Company of North America and the Fire Association, Philadelphia.

Pittsburgh Underwriters, composed of the Allemannia of Pittsburgh and the National-Ben Franklin, Humboldt and Teutonia insurance companies of Allegheny, Pa.

Protector Underwriters, guaranteed by the Phoenix Insurance Company, Hartford. (Issued in Canada and on Pacific coast.)

Quaker City Underwriters, guaranteed by Pennsylvania Fire Insurance Company, Philadelphia, Pa.

Republic Underwriters, Dallas, Tex., composed of the Austin Fire and Commonwealth Fire Insurance Companies.

Rochester Underwriters, guaranteed by the Great American Insurance Company, New York.

Royal Underwriters, guaranteed by Royal Insurance Company, New York. Scotch Underwriters, guaranteed by the Caledonian Insurance Company. State Underwriters, Des Moines, guaranteed by Phoenix Fire, Hartford. Sun Underwriters Agency, guaranteed by Sun Insurance Office, London. Treaty Underwriters, guaranteed by Henry Clay Fire. Lexington, Ky. United American Underwriters, guaranteed by Twin City Fire Insurance Com. pany, Minneapolis, Minn.

Washington Underwriters Department, guaranteed by National Liberty Insurance Company (formerly Germania Fire, New York).

Winnipeg Underwriters, Canada, guaranteed by Home Insurance Company, New York.

Wisconsin Underwriters Department, guaranteed by Concordia Fire Insurance Company, Milwaukee, Wis.

UNDERWRITERS' AGENCY, NEW YORK. (A. and J. H. Stoddart, general agents.) [See New York Underwriters' Agency.]

UNDERWRITERS' ASSOCIATION OF ALABAMA. The local fire insurance agents of Alabama met in convention at Montgomery, January 20, 1897, and organized this association, with the following officers: J. L. Dean, Opelika, president; J. G. Smith, Birmingham, vice-president; M. M. Sweatt, Montgomery, secretary and treasurer; H. C. Davidson and Leopold Strauss, Montgomery; R. H. Mabry, Selma; Samuel L. Cook, Anniston; J. K. Glennon, Mobile, executive committee. The officers elected at the annual meeting in June, 1917, are: President, Williford Duskin, Montgomery; vice-president, W. K. Morrill, Mobile; secretary and treasurer, Ed. S. More, Birmingham; executive committee, R. F. Manly, Birmingham, chairman; L. C. Watson, Anniston; J. A. Duckworth, Tuscaloosa; Herbert Levy, Birmingham; Thos. E. Pride, Decatur; Russell Ladd, Mobile; Geo. Thomas, Montgomery; S. A. Fowlkes, Selma.

UNDERWRITERS' ASSOCIATION OF THE MIDDLE DEPARTMENT. January 28, 1881, a few supervising and adjusting agents, having charge of the states of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland, held a meeting, and, believing "that a thorough concert of action" and acquaintance with the views of agents relative to the best interests of underwriting were necessary, agreed to form a permanent organization, which was effected July 19, 1881. The officers elected were: President, A. J. Foster; vicepresident, J. B. Kelsey; secretary and treasurer, W. C. Goodrich. On May 9, 1883, a reorganization took place, creating thereby the Underwriters' Association of the Middle Department, the object of which is the systematic interchange of information and co-operation among field men. Quarterly meetings are held.

The territory covered by the association is Pennsylvania (except the counties of Allegheny, Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery, and Philadelphia); New Jersey (except the counties of Essex and Hudson); Delaware (entire state); Maryland (except city of Baltimore); West Virginia (counties of Berkeley, Jefferson and Morgan only). The officers of the association since organization have been: