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cent. co-insurance clause were a part of both contracts, No. I would have received from the companies but $3,125, while No. 2, who had enough to satisfy the demands of the eighty per cent. co-insurance clause, would receive his full loss, or $5,000.

Small fires being by far the more common, and, it may be added, by far the more expense to the companies, rates can be made with more fairness on the basis of co-insurance than without it.

The use of the co-insurance or average clause was made obligatory in Great Britain on floating policies in 1828 (see Walford's Cyclopedia), but the clause adopted was a long one. It can be found on pages 332-3, Vol. 1.

COLOGNE

REINSURANCE

COMPANY, Cologne, Germany. E. M. Cragin, New York, United States manager. The company was required to cease business in November, 1917, under the provisions of the "Trading with the Enemy" act.

COLONIAL ASSURANCE COMPANY OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, New York. Organized 1896; capital, $200,000. Leo H. Wise, president; E. E. Hall, vice-president; E. S. Powell, Jr., secretary.

COLUMBIA INSURANCE COMPANY, Dayton, Ohio. Organized 1881; capital, $150,000. O. I. Gunckel, president; Herman Rice, secretary.

COLUMBIA INSURANCE COMPANY, Jersey City, N. J. Organized 1901, transacts automobile, marine and inland insurance; capital, $400,000. Geo. F. Crane, president; H. K. Fowler, vicepresident and treasurer; F. H. Cauty, secretary.

COLUMBIAN INSURANCE COMPANY OF INDIANA, Indianapolis, Ind. Organized 1911; capital, $215,096. George E. Feeney, president; Matthew F. Gartland, M. F. Gill and Jacob Buennagel, vice-presidents; Edward T. Lyons, secretary and treasurer; L. S. MacEnaney, managing underwriter; A. M. Wagner, superintendent of agencies.

COLUMBIAN NATIONAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Detroit, Mich. Organized 1911, began business 1913; capital, paid up, $964,175. T. Ă. Lawler, president; Herbert P. Orr, secretary; W. E. Gunn, assistant secretary.

COMMERCE INSURANCE COMPANY, Albany, N. Y. Chartered 1859; capital, $200,000. E. Darwin Jenison, president; Frank Van Benthuysen, vice-president; A. J. Hinman, secretary; C. R. Whitehead, assistant secretary.

COMMERCIAL NATIONAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Chicago, Ill. Organized 1915; capital, paid in, $200,000. The company was placed in a receiver's hands in 1917.

COMMERCIAL UNION ASSURANCE COMPANY was organized in London in 1861, and came into the United States through the Golden Gate, establishing an agency in San Francisco in 1870. It was admitted to New York, and began a general business throughout the country, in 1871, under the management of Alliger Brothers. At the close of 1871 its assets in the United States were $346,037. In 1877 Alfred Pell was appointed to the United States management. In 1878 Charles Sewall became associated with him, and in November, 1885, Mr. Sewall became manager in name, and so continued until his death in December, 1898. He was succeeded by Alexander H. Wray in February, 1899. The Commercial Union closed the year 1917 with United States assets of $11,647,743.42, surplus of $2,941,900.77, and a premium income of $8,460,708.63. Charles J. Holman, then resident secretary of the northwestern department at Denver, was appointed assistant manager in 1899, and Wm. M. Ballard was appointed branch secretary in January, 1901. E. T. Niebling is the manager of the Pacific Coast branch. In 1913 Clarence E. Porter was also appointed assistant manager.

COMMERCIAL UNION FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, New York city. Organized 1890; capital, $200,000. A. H. Wray, president; Clarence E. Porter, vice-president; C. J. Holman, vicepresident and secretary; Wm. M. Ballard, assistant secretary.

COMMISSIONERS AND SUPERINTENDENTS OF INSURANCE, LIST OF. [See Insurance Departments, fire section, and also National Insurance Commissioners' Convention, life section.]

COMMONWEALTH FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY OF TEXAS, Dallas, Texas. Organized 1903; capital, $250,000. I. Jalonick, president; J. B. Adoue, secretary.

COMMONWEALTH INSURANCE COMPANY, New York City. Organized 1886; capital, $500,000; E. G. Richards, president; J. F. Hastings, P. Wm. Young, and Charles R. Perkins, vice-presidents; Robert Newboult, secretary; A. T. Billings, assistant secretary.

COMPACTS OF FIRE UNDERWRITERS, STATE LAWS AGAINST. [See Anti-Compact Laws.]

COMPANIES ORGANIZED OR PROJECTED IN 1917.
FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE COMPANIES.

Name.

Automobile Fire, Chicago, Ill..

Bankers Automobile, Lincoln, Neb..
Commonwealth Fire, Saginaw, Mich..
Eastern Marine, New York.

Empire State (Marine), New York City
Gate City F. and M., Omaha, Neb..
Globe National, Sioux City, Ia...
Golden Grain Belt, Des Moines..
Gotham Fire. New York City.

Greater New York Fire, New York City.
Gulf and Atlantic, Columbia, S. C.
Hercules Fire, Oklahoma City..

Home Fire and Marine, San Francisco..

Idaho Home, Boise, Ida..

Illinois National, Quincy, Ill.

Importers and Exporters (Marine), New

York.

Liberty Assurance, San Francisco

Liberty Fire, St. Louis..

Liberty Marine, New York..

Mattatuck Fire, Mattatuck, Conn...

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100,000

Preferred Risk, Topeka, Kan.

200,000

Reinsurance Co. of America, Jersey City.

Republic Fire, New York City..

State, Des Moines.

United States Postal Fire, Cincinnati..

The following general and local mutual companies were organized or projected:

American Motors Mut. Ins. Co., Providence, R. I.; American Ship Builders and Ship Divers Mutual Fire Insurance Co., Philadelphia; Arizona Mutual Auto Insurance Co., Phoenix, Ariz.; Atlantic Mutual Fire Insurance Co., Savannah, Ga.; Automobile Mutual Insurance Co., Bismarck, N. Dakota; Automobile Protective Association, Battle Creek, Mich.; Auto Trade Mutual Insurance Association, Des Moines, Ia.; Calvert Mutual Ins. Co., Baltimore, Md.; Columbia Mutual Fire Insurance Co.. Baltimore; Des Moines Co. Farmers Mutual Fire Ins. Co., Burlington, Ia.; Drivers Mutual Insurance Co., Marion, O.; Equitable Protective Association, Aberdeen, S. D.; Farmers Mutual Fire Insurance Co., Parkston, S. D.; Farmers Mutual Fire Insurance Co. of West Virginia.; Farmers Union Co-operative Mutual, St. Andrews, Wash. Furniture Dealers, Ltd., Mutual Fire Ins. Co., Milwaukee, Wis.; German Mutual Fire Insurance Co., Dodgerville, Ia.; Gleaners Coop. Mutual Fire Ins. Co. of Michigan, Ltd., Detroit; Grant Co. Farmers Mutual F. & L. Insurance Co., Luth., N. D.; Great American Mutual Indemnity Co., Mansfield, O.; Griggs Co. Farmers Mut. F. & L. Ins. Co., Cooperstown, N. D.; Liberty Mutual Assessment Insurance Co., Houston, Tex.; McKenzie Co. Farmers Mut. F. & L. Ins. Co., Alexander N. D.; Michigan Merch. Mutual Fire Insurance Co., Greenville, Mich.; Michigan Motor Mutual F. Ins. Co., Escanaba, Mich.; Milwaukee Auto, Ltd., Mut. Ins. Co., Milwaukee, Wis.; Milwaukee Retail Market Men's Mut. Fire Ins. Co., Milwaukee, Wis.; National Auto Mutual Fire Insurance Co., N. Y. C.; National Mutual Auto Insurance Co., Bay City, Mich.; Northern Mutual H. & C. Insurance Co., Blue Earth, Minn.; Northern Mutual Fire & Auto Insurance Co., St. Paul, North Dakota Pub. Mut. Fire Ins. Co., Devils Lake, N. D.; North Tex. Mutual Assessment Insurance Co., Dallas, Tex.; Retail Grocers & Butchers Mut. Fire Ins. Co., Saginaw, Mich.; Southeastern Mutual Fire Insurance Co., Atlanta, Ga.; Timber Lands Mutual Fire Insurance Co., Portsmouth, N. H.; Threshers Mutual Manistee, Mich.; U. S. Mutual Auto Fire Insurance Co.. N. Y. C.; U. S. Mutual Auto Insurance Co., Saginaw, Mich.

The following inter-insurance or reciprocal insurance associations were also projected in 1917:

American Manufacturers Exchange, Chicago; Consolidated Underwriters, Kansas City, Mo.; National Ginners Underwriters, Memphis, Tenn.; National Lloyds Underwriters, Chicago; Recip. Int. Insurance at Grain Elevator Exchange, Chicago; Retailers Indemnity Co., Grand Rapids, Mich.; Retail Lumbermans Int. Insurance, Minneapolis, Minn.; United States Automobile Ins. Exchange, Kansas City, Mo.; Utilities Indemnity Exchange, St. Louis, Mo.

The Christian General, Norway; National, Copenhagen; Norwegian Insurance Union, Christiana; Spanish American, Havana; were admitted to the United States in 1917.

CONCORDIA FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY of Milwaukee, Wis. Organized 1870; capital, $750,000. Gustav Wollaeger, Jr., president; Wm. A. Starke, vice-president; Geo. P. Mayer, vice-president; Frank Damkoehler, secretary; Wm. E. Wollaeger, assistant secretary; Jas. M. Moran, agency superintendent.

CONCORD

MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Organized 1885. George M. Kimball, M.D., president and treasurer; Louis C. Merrill, secretary.

Concord, N. H.

CONFLAGRATIONS. The available records of fires in the United States do not indicate clearly what are to be classed as conflagrations and what are not, and give simply a list of "large fires," or fires involving an aggregate loss above a certain amount. Obviously the amount of loss does not make a conflagration, though that is the easiest and more common factor for classification, but there have been many conflagrations in the United States which are not included even in the records of large fires; that is, if the definition of a conflagration -"a fire extending to many objects, or over a large space; a general burning," is to be accepted. It is hardly possible to make a separate list of fires falling within the above definition of a conflagration, and information regarding large fires probably is all that is, or may be, desired. The following list of fires, which involved an estimated loss of two million dollars, or over, occurring in the United States since 1870, includes the more important and great, but, not all, conflagrations, and is merely a list of "large fires" occurring in the United States in that period.

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1897-Pittsburgh, Pa., May 3, $2,000,000.

1901

1902

1904

1904

190 I
1905
1906
1907

1907 1908

1908

1911

1911

1912

1912

1913

1914

1915

1915

1916

1916

1916

1916

1917

Jacksonville, Fla., May 3. $10,500,000.
Paterson, N. J., February 9, $5,000,000.
Baltimore, Md., February 7, $40,000,000.
Rochester, N. Y., February 26, $2,000,000.
Sioux City, la.. December 23. $2.000.000.
New Orleans. La., February, $5,000,000.
San Francisco, Cal., April 18, $35,000,000.
San Francisco, Cal., April 3. $2,000.000.
Superior, Wis., November 9. $2.250,000.
New York, N. Y, January 10, $2,400,000.
Chelsea, Mass., April 12, $10,500,000.
Albany, N. Y., March 29, $5,000,000.
Bangor, Me., April 30. $3,500,000.
New York, N. Y., January 9. $3,000,000.
Houston, Tex., February 1. $1.500.000.

Hot Springs, Ark., Spetember 5, $2,250,000.
Salem, Mass., June 25, $14,000,000.

Newport News, Va., $2,000,000.

Chicago, Ill.. $2,000,000.

Brooklyn, N. Y., $2,000,000.

Paris, Tex.. March 21, $7,000,000.

Augusta, Ga., $2,500,000.

Black Tom Island, N. J. (explosion) $13,000,000.
Atlanta, Ga., May 21, $5,500,000.

Some of the more notable fires prior to 1870 were: 1820-Savannah, Ga., June 10, loss, $4,000,000; 1835 New York, N. Y., December 16, loss, $15,000,000; 1838 - Charlestown, Mass., loss, $6,000,000; 1843 New York, N. Y., loss, $6,000,000; 1845 New York, N. Y., loss, $6,000,000; 1850 San Francisco, Cal., loss $8,000,000; 1851 San Francisco, Cal., (two fires), loss, respectively, $25,000,000 and $6,000,000; 1852 Sacramento, Cal., loss, $5,000,000; 1861 Charleston, S. C., December 12, loss, $10,000,000; 1864 · Wilmington, N. C., loss, $5,000,000; 1865 New York, N. Y., loss, $4,000,000; - Portland, Me., July 4, loss, $10,000,000.

1866

CONNECTICUT FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, THE, Hartford, Conn., was organized and began business in 1850. Capital, $1,000,000. Edward Milligan, president; W. T. Howe, vicepresident; Geo. M. Lovejoy, vice-president; John A. Cosmus, secretary; Fred W. Bowers, secretary; Geo. C. Long., Jr., assistant secretary; Henry P. Whitman, assistant secretary.

CONNECTICUT STATE ASSOCIATION OF LOCAL INSURANCE AGENTS. A meeting of Connecticut agents was held July 12, 1899, in West Haven, and an association organized with John C. North of New Haven, president, and J. N. Phelan, Bridgeport, secretary. At the annual meeting held in November, 1917, officers were elected as follows: President, James L. Case, Norwich; vicepresidents, Tracy B. Warren, Bridgeport; E. W. Beardsley, Hartford; George E. Boyd, Waterbury; secretary and treasurer, J. R. North, New Haven.

CONTINENTAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, New York. Organized January, 1853; cash capital, $10,000,000. Henry Evans, president; F. W. Koeckert, vice-president; J. E. Lopez, second vice-president and secretary; James J. Hoey, second vice

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