MICHIGAN. An act, passed in 1915, to provide for the organization and supervision of rate-making bureaus. Sections 8, 9, and 10 of the act provide as follows:

Section 8. No fire insurance company or other insurer against the risk of fire or lightning, nor any rating bureau, shall fix or charge any rate for fire insurance upon property in this state which discriminates unfairly between risks in the application of like charges and credits, or which discriminates unfairly between risks of essentially the same hazards and having substantially the same degree of protection against fire.

Section 9. Any deviation of any company or insurer from the schedule of rates established and maintained by the bureau which it maintains or of which it is a member, shall be uniform in its application to all of the risks in the class for which the variation is made, and no such uniform deviation shall be made unless notice thereof shall be filed with the bureau of which the insurer is a member, and the Insurance Commissioner of this state, at least fifteen days before such uniform variation is in effect. Section 10. Except as contained in the policy and the usual agreement for other insurance, no such insurance company or insurer or rating bureau shall make any contract or agreement with any person insured or to be insured that the whole or any part of any insurance shall be written by or placed with any particular company, insurer, agent, or any group of companies, insurers, or agents.

The act further provides that every fire insurance company or other insurer insuring against loss by fire or lightning "shall maintain or be a member of a rating bureau," but not of more than one, and shall file notice of its membership with the commissioner. The act makes the state banking commissioner, the attorney-general and the insurance commissioner a commission to hear and investigate complaints as to discrimination in rates, and the commission may remove such discrimination. The orders of the commission in this respect are subject to review by "the circuit court in chancery of the county of Ingham."

The act also contains the following sections:

Section 12. No fire insurance company or any other insurer, and no rating bureau, or any representative of any fire insurance company or other insurer or rating bureau, shall enter into or act upon any agreement with regard to the making, fixing, or collecting of any rate for fire insurance upon property within this state except in compliance with this act.

Section 13. Any such agreement may be made and enforced provided the same be not contrary to public policy and is in writing, and, prior, to its taking effect, a copy thereof be filed with the Commissioner of Insurance and with each rating bureau of which any of the parties thereto shall be a member or subscriber.

Violation of the terms of the act subjects the offender to a fine of one hundred dollars and suspension of authority to do business until such fine shall be paid. The law was amended in 1917 to provide for the employment of rating experts in the department.

MISSOURI. Act of 1915. Sections 7, 8, and 9 of an act to regulate fire insurance and rates of premium prohibit discrimination and read: Section 7. No fire insurance company or other insurer, nor any rating bureau shall fix and charge any rate for fire insurance upon property in this state which discriminates unfairly between risks in the application of like charges and credits, or which discriminates unfairly between risks of essentially the same hazards and having substantially the same degree of protection against fire.

Section 8. No rate or schedule of rates applicable to any risk in this state shall be made or fixed on the condition that the whole amount of insurance on such risk or any specified part thereof, shall be placed with a subscriber to any particular actuarial bureau, or shall be written by or placed with any particular company, insurer, agent, or any group of companies, insurers, or agents.

Section 9. No company or other insurer or agents shall directly or indirectly, by any special rate, tariff, drawback, rebate, concession, device, or subterfuge, charge, demand, collect, or receive from any person, persons, or corporation any compensation and premium different from the rate or premium properly applicable to the property so rated, as indicated by its public rating record, and no company or other insurer shall discriminate unfairly between risks of essentially the same hazard and substantially the same degree of protection.

The act contains provisions similar to the laws of other states above regarding the powers of the commissioner in investigating complaints of discrimination and in ordering such discriminations removed. The act permits the organization of rating or actuarial bureaus, and such bureaus whether maintained by two or more companies, or by a company individually are subject to supervision by the insurance commissioner. Violation of the act subjects the offender to a fine not to exceed $500, but if the offense is an unlawful discrimination a jail sentence not to exceed ninety days may go with the fine.

WEST VIRGINIA. The law is found in Section 1 of an act to regulate rate-making associations passed in 1913. Section I requires the filing of schedule of rates with the commissioner, and the anti-discrimination provision reads as follows:

No such person, corporation, association, or bureau shall fix or make any rate or schedule of rates which is to or may apply to any risk within this state, on the condition that the whole amount of insurance on such risk or any specified part thereof, shall be placed at such rates, or with the members of, or subscribers to, such rating organization nor shall any such person, corporation, association, or bureau, or any person, association, or corporation authorized to transact the business of insurance within this state, fix or make any rate or schedule of rates or charge a rate which discriminates unfairly between risks within this state of essentially the same hazard, or, if such rate be a fire insurance rate, which discriminates unfairly between risks in the application of like charges or credits or which discriminates unfairly between risks of essentially the same hazard and having substantially the same degree of protection against fire.

The commissioner may, after a hearing order the removal of any discrimination found to exist.

KENTUCKY. Laws of 1916.

Section 8. No fire insurance company or other insurer against the risk of fire, nor any rating bureau, shall fix or charge any rate for fire insurance upon property in this Commonwealth which discriminates unfairly between risks in the application of like charges and credits, or which discriminates unfairly between risks of essentially the same hazards, and having substantially the same degree of protection against fire.

Section 9. Any deviation by any company or insurer from the schedule of rates established and maintained by the bureau which it maintains or of which it is a member, shall be uniform in its application to all of the risks in the class for which the variation is made, and no such deviation shall be made unless the same is uniform and unless notice thereof shall be filed with the bureau of which the insurer is a member and with the board at least fifteen (15) days before such variation is in effect. Except as contained in the policy and the usual contract for other insurance, no insurance company or insurer or rating bureau shall make any contract or agreement with any person insured or to be insured that the whole or any part of the insurance shall be written by, or placed with any particular company, insurer, agent or group of companies, insurers, or agents.

The board is empowered either upon complaint or upon its own information to order a hearing as to discrimination in rates, and to order this discrimination removed (Section 10), and Section II gives the board power to investigate the necessity for a reduction in rates, and to order a reduction in rates, but in no event to order any reduction “which will prevent a reasonable aggregate profit to stock fire insurance com

panies." Any reduction ordered shall be applied to such class as may be determined by the companies or rating bureau, subject to the approval of the board. The term stock companies includes Lloyds and every organization operated for profit, and in determining the question of reasonable profits the board shall give proper and reasonable consideration to the losses and liabilities both within and without this Commonwealth."

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Section 4 of the act provides that every fire insurance company, before being licensed, shall be a member of or maintain a rating bureau, but shall not be a member of more than one such bureau. A bureau may consist of one or more insurers. Every rating bureau or other insurer shall inspect every risk specifically rated by it upon schedule and make a written survey of such risk," which shall be filed as a permanent record in the office of such bureau, and the bureau shall furnish the owner a statement of the rate and of the removable defects found. The state insurance board may address any communication to such bureau, regarding its transactions, and may require the filing of schedules, rates, forms, rules, regulations, and such other information as may be required. The board may examine the rating bureau whenever it deems necessary, and shall do so at least once in every two years.

The Ohio and Wisconsin legislatures in 1917 passed acts which in terms are very similar to the Kentucky law above.

DIXIE FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Greensboro, N. C. Organized 1906; capital, $500,000. H. R. Bush, president; James B. Blades, vice-president; George Hackney, second vice-president; F. M. Garner, secretary; Wm. G. Davis, treasurer.

DORCHESTER MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Boston, Mass. Organized 1855. William A. Muller, president; Edward C. Mason, secretary.

N. J.

DUBUQUE FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY, Dubuque, Ia. Organized 1883; capital, $200,000. Schrup, president; Maurice Connolly, vice-president; M. J. McCullough, vice-president; S. F. Weiser, secretary; S. W. Waring, assistant secretary; C. J. Schrup, treasurer.

E

EAGLE FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Newark, N. J. Organized 1913: capital, $250,000. Edward M. Waldron, president; Jacob R. Hall and Paul Guenther, vice-presidents; Franklin W. Fort, secretary; James Y. Milne, assistant secretary; Louis V. Aronson, treasurer; Victor E. Downer, assistant treasurer.

EAGLE, STAR AND BRITISH DOMINIONS INSURANCE COMPANY, LTD., London, Eng. Organized 1904; entered the United States 1916. Fred S. James & Co., United States managers, 123 William Street, New York, N. Y.

EASLEY & CO., GEORGE M., General Agents, Dallas, Texas, established 1901. George M. Easley, L. F. Boulware. Field covered, Texas and Louisiana.

EASTERN AUTOMOBILE UNDERWRITERS CONFERENCE, New York, N. Y. Organized 1916. The present officers are: President, F. C. Buswell, Home; vice-president, William Hare, Norwich Union; secretary and treasurer, W. A. Hamilton; executive committee, J. P. Bomsall, Maryland Motor Car; E. C. Cary, Liverpool and London and Globe; G. F. Kern, Royal; T. A. Kruse, Royal Exchange; B. M. Culver, Niagara; W. H. Stevens, Agricultural; J. P. Vreeland, Scottish Union and National; E. G. West, Glens Falls; S. G. Wright, Columbia. The conference has jurisdiction over the states of New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, New Jersey, Delaware, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia. [See National Automobile Underwriters Conference.]

EASTERN FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY of Atlantic City, N. J. Organized 1902; capital, $200,000. David Fitzsimons, president; Walter J. Buzby, vice-president; J. Haines Lippincott, secretary; F. L. Bosworth, assistant secretary; Wm. F. Wahl, treasurer.

EASTERN FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Concord, N. H. Organized 1905: capital, $30,000. Charles L. Jackman, president; Freeman T. Jackman, secretary.

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Keller, Va. Organized 1906. Cash capital, $50,142. E. T. Powell, president; R. L. Ailworth, vice-president: L. C. Mears, secretary and managing underwriter; Thos. W. Blackstone, treasurer; E. L. Mapp, assistant secretary.

EASTERN UNION. An organization of fire insurance companies exercising jurisdiction over the states east of the Mississippi (excepting those within the jurisdiction of the Western Union), of which

organization only executive officers or managers (in charge of not less than three states) are members. The headquarters of the Eastern Union are in the city of New York.

The officers of the Eastern Union, elected in 1917, are: President, H. A. Smith, National Fire; vice-president, E. J. Haynes, Newark Fire; treasurer, George W. Burchell, Queen; secretary, Miss G. E. Lank. Following is the membership roll:

ELECTRICITY AND FIRE INSURANCE.

writers' National Electric Association.]

ENGINEERS, FIRE, INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF. [See International Association of Fire Engineers.]

ENTERPRISE MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Providence, R. I. Organized 1874. John R. Freeman, president and treasurer; Theodore P. Bogert, secretary; Benj. G. Buttolph and Edwin D. Pingree, S. G. Walker, vice-presidents.

EQUITABLE FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY, Providence, R. I., head office, Hartford, Conn. Organized 1859; capital, $500,000. Fred W. Arnold, president; Edward Milligan, George M. Lovejoy, John B. Knox, vice-presidents; Samuel G.