On January 10, 1907, the paid-up capital was temporarily increased to $1,600,000 and in January, 1909, permanently adjusted to $1,500,000. Assets, January 1, 1918, $16,719,842.62; reinsurance reserve, $7,665,291.91; surplus, $3,831,924.74. FIRE MARSHAL DEPARTMENTS, CHIEF OFFICERS OF. The following is a list of state officials having charge of the investigation of fires. [See also Fire Marshal Laws.] Names Frank Sanford (2) Bruce T. Bullion. T. B. Pannell W. M. Campbell. (2) E. J. Carter. (2) Wm. M. Shehan. (2) Frank K. Ellsworth. T. A. Brown. (8) A. E. Eklund (2) W. A. McSwain. Official Residences Montpelier. Richmond. Charleston. Madison. IChief of State Police. 2 Insurance commissioner. 3Appointed by State Auditor and ex-officio insurance commissioner. 4The department is known as the "Fire Marshals' Department of the District Police" and the official title is "Deputy chief of the district police." 7Deputy Fire Commissioner. 8Appointed by Insurance Commission. 9Fire Marshal of the State Insurance Commission. (a) Marshal is appointed by governor but is under control of the Insurance Department. (b) Fire Prevention Commissioner. FIRE MARSHAL LAWS. Laws establishing the office of state fire marshal were adopted in Massachusetts and Maryland in 1894, which appears to have been the first legislation providing for investigation of fires by a distinct state department, or as a function of the insurance departments. Laws, providing for the investigation of fires in some manner are now in force in the following states: Alabama (1897, 1909, and 1911); Arkansas (1917); Connecticut (1901, 1903. and 1915); Iowa (1911); Illinois (1909); Indiana (1913); Kansas (1917); Kentucky (1906. 1912, and 1916); Louisiana (1904); Massachusetts (1894); Maryland (1894). 1906, 1910, and 1916); Maine; Mississippi (1902); Minnesota (1905 and 1913); Montana (1911); Michigan (1911); and (1915); New Hampshire; North Carolina (1899, 1901, 1903, and 1915); Nebraska (1909); North Dakota (1913); Ohio (1900 and 1902); Oregon (1917); Pennsylvania (1895 and 1911); Rhode Island; South Carolina (1904); South Dakota (1907); Tennessee (1907, 1915); Texas; Vermont; Virginia (1906); West Virginia (1909 and 1911); Wisconsin (1907 and 1913). [For a summary of the provisions and text of laws, see Cyclopedia for 1913-14 and 1915, 1916, and 1917, and Taxation. Álso Fire Marshal departments, chief officers of.] An amendment to the South Carolina law gives the commissioner, or his deputy, power in the investigation of supposed incendiary fires to search for property or goods supposed to have been removed from the building burned." An act passed by the Vermont legislature in 1917, transferring powers imposed on the secretary of state and state treasurer in respect to insurance, also makes the insurance commissioner ex-officio fire marshal, and gives him power to investigate all fires and to subpœna witnesses for such purpose. The Indiana law was amended in 1917; the principal amendment providing for periodic inspections of cities of the first, second, third, and fourth class by uniformed firemen and giving the marshal's deputies and assistants power to hold inquiries and administer oaths. Arkansas also adopted a fire marshal law in 1917. The Kansas legislature in 1917 enacted a fire marshal law. Under the act the marshal is appointed by the governor for a term of four years. The marshal is empowered to appoint a deputy marshal, and such office assistants and additional deputies as may be necessary, and such appointees have all the powers of deputy marshals. The marshal may also appoint or employ state inspectors, "known to be skilled in the inspection of buildings and contents,' and such inspectors have all the powers of deputy marshals, and among other duties the inspectors shall report to the marshal any dangerous conditions found. " FIRE MARSHAL'S ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES was organized in 1906 with D. S. Creamer, state fire marshal of Ohio, president, and Edward Peterson, fire marshal of Minnesota, secretary and treasurer. The membership consists of the fire marshal, fire commissioner or other state officers charged with the duty of investigating fires of the different states, and the objects of the association are the exchange of experiences and statistics, and the promotion of efficiency of office. The present officers, elected at the annual meeting in New Orleans, La., November 16, 17, and 18, 1917, are: President, James R. Young, North Carolina; vice-president, William M. Campbell, Louisiana; secretary and treasurer, John G. Gamber, Illinois; executive committee, L. T. Hussey, Kansas; E. P. Heaton, Ontario; and the officers. FIREMEN AND MECHANICS INSURANCE COMPANY, Indianapolis, Ind. Organized 1850; capital, $103,000. I. N. Harlan, president; Edson T. Wood, secretary. FIREMEN'S INSURANCE COMPANY, Newark, N. J. Organized 1855; capital, $1,250,000. Daniel H. Dunham, president; Neal Bassett, vice-president; John Kay, vice-president and treasurer; A. H. Hassinger, secretary; J. K. Meldrum, assistant secretary. FIREMEN'S INSURANCE COMPANY, Washington, D. C. Organized 1837; capital, $200,000. Allan E. Walker, president; Wm. M. Hoffman, secretary; James N. Fitzpatrick, Jr., and Albert W. Howard, assistant secretaries. FIREMEN'S MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY, Providence, R. I. Organized 1854. Frederick W. Moses, president and treasurer; Charles G. Easton, vice-president and secretary; Frederick T. Moses, vice-president and engineer; Carlos F. Hunt, assistant secretary. FIRE PATROL, PROTECTIVE DEPARTMENTS, AND SALVAGE CORPS. The fire patrols of the United States are a monument to the enlightened self-interest of the fire underwriters. They have made them what they are, and in nearly all cases they support them. The interest that they have in the preservation of property is certainly a great incentive toward efficiency, and it is probable that, no matter whether city governments undertake the control and maintenance of the salvage corps or not, insurance companies are likely to augment any action of cities toward the preservation of property from fire loss to the fullest extent. These organizations exist in the cities of Albany, N. Y.; Baltimore, Boston, Brooklyn, Cincinnati, Chicago, Cleveland, Dayton, Ohio; Denver, Duluth, Grand Rapids, Kansas City, Janesville, Wis.; Louisville, Lowell, Memphis, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Mobile, Newark, N. J.; New Orleans, New York, Omaha, Philadelphia, Providence, Rochester, San Francisco, St. Louis, St. Paul and Worcester. They are established by law, and, as a rule, are maintained and controlled by the local organization of fire underwriters. (See Boston Protective Department, New York Fire Patrol, Chicago Patrol, and Fire Insurance Salvage Corps of Brooklyn. Also Association of Superintendents of Fire Patrols.) FIRE PREVENTION BUREAU OF THE PACIFIC, San Francisco, Cal. The organization is an outgrowth of the Fire Underwriters Inspection Bureau of San Francisco, organized in 1885, and the change in title and reorganization was effected in 1917. The officers are: President, J. L. Fuller, Norwich Union; vice-president, E. C. F. Knowles, Phoenix of London; secretary and treasurer, F. M. Branch, New York Underwriters Agency; directors, McClure Kelly, George H. Tyson, Ben Goodwin, A. A. Maloney and the officers. Jay W. Stevens is manager and Walter R. Roberts, assistant manager. FIRE REASSURANCE COMPANY, Paris, France. B. N. Carvalho, United States manager, Hartford. FIRE UNDERWRITERS ASSOCIATION OF INDIANA. Organized in 1876. The present officers, elected at the annual meeting in December, 1917, are: President, O. E. Green, Providence Washington; vice-president, Walter B. Tobias, Citizens Fire; secretary and treasurer, W. P. Benton, Sun of London. FIRE UNDERWRITERS' ASSOCIATION OF KENTUCKY. This association was formerly the Kentucky Board of Fire Under writers, which was organized November 15, 1905, as the successor of the old Kentucky and Tennessee Board having jurisdiction in Kentucky. The association was reorganized and the present name assumed in 1913, and has jurisdiction over underwriting practices, but is not a rate-making body. The present officers, elected in November, 1917, are: President, Eugene F. Scott, Great American, vicepresident, L. C. Riker, London Assurance; secretary, Milton C. Miller; executive committee, H. W. Robertson, Hanover; W. T. Sweeney, Queen; Bennett B. Bean, Pennsylvania Fire; S. B. Kennedy, Westchester; John L. Coleman, North America; R. E. Hartshorn, North British; M. J. Lafon, Glens Falls; Everett P. Rogers, Continental. FIRE UNDERWRITERS' ASSOCIATION OF THE NORTHWEST. This association had its birth in the city of Dayton, Ohio, February 22, 1871, and was organized as "The Association of State, General, and Adjusting Fire Insurance Agents of the Northwest." [For further information regarding the organization, names of the organizers, and the early meetings, see Cyclopedia for 1900-1901.] The following is a list of the officers of the association since its organization in 1871: The forty-eighth annual meeting was held in Chicago, October 3 and 4, 1917. President Stauffer presided and in his address reviewed briefly the activities of the Association during the year, and referred particularly to the work underwriters and insurance organizations were doing in the work of conservation. The present crisis had opened many new avenues of insurance – - new coverage never before thought of in this country, and the insurance companies had responded generously. The president in closing recommended that the terms of office of the secretary and treasurer be reduced to three years, and also the appointment of a special committee to consider the financial needs of the library. The annual address was delivered by Harry A. Wheeler, Chicago, Illinois food administrator, and the plans of the government for conserving and handling the food supply, and the necessity for such action were discussed. Conservation, in fact, formed the principal theme of the meeting, and the following addresses were made on the subject: The National Board and Its Work in Conservation," W. E. Mallalieu, general manager of the National Board of Fire Underwriters; Conservation," T. Alfred Fleming, Ohio state fire marshal; "Progress of the State Conservation Association," James F. Joseph, Chicago; T. Graham Bell, Nashville, Tenn.; A. C. Robertson, Oklahoma City, Okla.; E. G. Frazier, Milwaukee, Wis. 44 Reports from the secretary, treasurer, and librarian and standing committees were presented. The library committee referred to the growth of the library in recent years, its increased value to the business, and the increased work involved, and urged members to be on the alert to collect for the library literature on fire insurance, including catalogs of large manufacturing plants. Officers were elected as follows: President, Frank G. Snyder, Liverpool and London and Globe, Louisville, Ky.; vice-president, J. M. Larmore, Norwich Union, Anderson, Ind.; secretary, Guy A. Richards, Chicago, Ill.; treasurer, Charles L. Hecox, Ohio Farmers, Chicago, Ill. FIRE UNDERWRITERS' ASSOCIATION OF THE NORTHWEST, LIBRARY OF THE. For many years after the formation of the association in 1871 books and pamphlets given to it by members and friends accumulated, but, no money being appropriated for their caretaking, they were stored wherever it might |