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nature, in the neuter gender in the original, not the masculine, not is. So in the passages, John x. 30. I and my "Father are one," and John xvii. 22. "That they may be one, even as we are "one," the word one is the neuter singular; the plural verb in each case pointing out the plurality of persons, the neuter adjective the unity of their nature. See Cyprian Tracts, 109.-Chrys. de Fide in Christo (Basil Edit.) vol. 3. p. 422.3 August. de Trin. Lib. 4. c. 8. 9. Lib. 6. c. 2. -4 August. de Trin. Lib. 1.9 August. Trin. in Johannem, 36. 37. 71.

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P. 136. John xx. 19. " the doors, &c." rather the doors where the disciples 66 were assembled were shut for fear, &c." not to have assembled would have been neglect of duty, sin: not to have shut the doors, neglect of caution, rashness. Our Saviour set the example of avoiding unnecessary danger. See post 9, additional note on Matt. xvi. 16.

P. 148. James i. 1. " and of the Lord "Jesus Christ." So that he is here associated with God; and James describes himself as the servant of both.

P. 144. John xiv. 1. " in me." So that belief in Christ is made of the same importance with belief in God the Father.

P. 144. John xiv. 9. "hath seen, &c." making the Son, what he is called Heb. i. 3. "the express image of the Father!"

P. 147. John xvi. 8. at the end of note (s)-Dr.Hales's interpretation of this passage is this," He (i. e. the holy Spirit) "shall convince the world of sin, of "righteousness, and of judgment. Of "sin, for not believing in Christ after he "had done among them the works which "no man did, Matt. ix. 33.-John ix. 32. "Of righteousness, or justification through "Christ, (as proved by his resurrection "and ascension) by the imputation of "his righteousness to them, Rom. iii. 26. "-Rom. v. 18.-2 Cor. v. 21. "of judgment, or the future general "judgment, in which Satan, the ruler of "this world, with the world itself, is to "be judged, 2 Cor. iv. 4.-Rev. xx. 10. "Acts xvii. 31.

And

P. 148. John xvi. 14. " of mine." A strong proof of our Saviour's divinity, and of the personality of the Holy Ghost. If the Spirit was to receive of what was Jesus Christ's, and if all things were in common to the Father and the Son, so as to justify the expression, "All things that "the Father hath are mine," could Jesus Christ be a subordinate being, a being of

inferior nature? If Jesus Christ were not God, and the Spirit were an operation or quality only, but an operation or quality of God, would it receive or take what was Jesus Christ's? And how could it be sent by Jesus Christ? The superior, if the Spirit were the superior, would receive or take nothing from the inferior; and who but God could send or give of what is God's? And when the Spirit was come, whom was he to glorify, and of whom was he to testify? Jesus Christ! He was to speak, not of himself, but what he should hear: and to hear of whom? Jesus Christ!" he shall receive of mine, and "shew it unto you." So that if Jesus were less than God, the Spirit of Truth, which proceedeth from the Father, was to glorify, not the Father, but Jesus Christ; to testify, not of the Father, but of Jesus Christ; and was to speak, not what he should hear or receive from the Father, but what he should hear and receive from Jesus Christ!! And how can this be reconciled, but by considering, as our Church does, the Father as God, the Son as God, and the Holy Ghost as God?

P. 149. John xvi. 28. "I came forth, &c." an unequivocal assertion of his preexistence.

P. 152. John xv. 26. "I will send, &c." So that our Saviour, after his crucifixion, was to have this power. Some proof of his divinity! Who less than God could send this Comforter?

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P. 162. John iii. 13. "which is in 'heaven," or "whose proper home is "heaven," or "who is in Heaven the self"existent Being, Tava." Our Saviour could hardly speak of himself as being in heaven, at the same time he was here on earth, but he might properly point to heaven as his home, or describe what his character there was. is the proper description of the self-existent Being.

P. 172. Is. xl. 3. "The Lord," Hebr. "Jehovah," the incommunicable name of God. An intimation that he for whom the way was to be prepared was very God: one to whom that name belonged: and yet this is the cry of Christ's forerunner, and it was for Christ the way was to be prepared.

P. 173. Is. xl. 9. "O Zion, &c." or "O thou that bringest good tidings to "Zion," and "O thou that bringest good "tidings to Jerusalem." Wilson's Hebr. Gram. 329. and Bp. Lowth in loco.

P. 173. Is. xl. 10. "The Lord God."

Hebr. "Adonai Jehovah." "Adonai," which is applied to the Messiah in the two prophetic Psalms, Ps. ii. 4. and Ps. cx. 1. and "Jehovah," which is never applied but to the Father, Son, or Holy Ghost. See 241. note on Ps. ii. 4. and 384. note on Ps. cx. 1. Is not this a strong intimation that it was to be one of the persons of the Godhead that was to come? The same is implied by the exclamation "Behold your God."

P. 177. (1) Matt. xvi. 16. "Thou art the Christ." It is probable our Saviour had never told this to his disciples in direct terms, but had left it to them to draw the conclusion from his life and works. Indeed there seems to have been great caution in our Saviour, especially in Judea, to avoid any such assertion. And his motives might have been, because it might have drawn around him such a concourse of people as would have interfered with the plan of his life, and the progress of his ministry; and because it might have exposed him to the Roman power as a person setting himself up against the established government: and then, his death, without some intervention of Providence, might have been earlier than it was, before his ministry was compleat, and might have appeared the act rather of the Roman governor than of the heads of the Jewish nation. Tiberius, the Roman emperor, was particularly jealous of any one who pretended to encroach upon his government; and as it was the expectation that the Messiah was to be a temporal prince, the Roman governor would not have dared to have left him unmolested, had Jesus assumed that character. With the example of Herod before him, in destroying the children in Bethlehem and the coasts thereof, (Matt. ii. 16.) he would never have suffered Jesus to have continued at large, had he known that he claimed to be the Messiah. Our Saviour's preaching was, not that he was the Christ, but that "the kingdom of Heaven was at hand," Matt. iv. 17.-Marki. 15. When he called Peter and Andrew to be apostles, what he said was, not that he was the Messiah, but "Follow me, and I will "make you fishers of men," Matt. iv. 19.-Marki. 17. To the other apostles, all he is recorded to have said is "Follow me," Matt. ix. 9. When he sent out the twelve apostles with power over unclean spirits, &c. all that he commanded them to preach was "The kingdom of Heaven is at hand," Matt. x. 1.7. The seventy he

afterwards.sent out had no directions to preach more than this, "The kingdom of "God is come nigh unto you," Luke x. 1.9. When he healed the leper, (Matt. viii. 3. 4. Mark i. 43) he said unto him, "See thou "tell no man." When he saw great multitudes about him at Capernaum (Matt. viii. 18.) he gave commandment to depart unto the other side (i. e. of the sea of Galilee). When John the Baptist sent to ask him, "Art thou he that should

come, or do we look for another ?" he does not in terms say that he is, but he refers John to the miracles he was performing. Matt. xi. 3. 5. When he healed multitudes, he charged them that they should not make him known. Matt. xii. 15. 16. and see Mark vii. 36. Mark viii. 26. When the unclean spirits recognized him as the Son of God, he strictly charged them that they should not make him known. Mark iii. 11. 12. and see Luke iv. 35.41. When he raised the daughter of the ruler of the synagogue, he charged them straitly that no man should know it. Mark v. 42.-Luke viii. 56. When Peter had said to him, "Thou art the Christ, the "Son of the living God," he charged his disciples that they should tell no man that he was Jesus the Christ. Matt. xvi. 16. 20: and see Mark viii. 30.-Luke ix. 21. When Herod the tetrarch heard of his fame, and concluded it was John the Baptist, and that John had risen from the dead, Jesus departed by ship into a desart place apart. Matt. xiv. 1. 2. 13. When he found that the Pharisees had heard that he made and baptized more disciples than John, he left Judea, and departed into Galilee. John iv. 1.3. When he healed the impotent män, (John v. 13.) he conveyed himself away, a multitude being in that place. John v.8.13. When he was pressed to go up to the feast of tabernacles, he refused, because the Jews sought to kill him, and his time was not yet full come: and though he did go up, it was in secret, not openly. John vii. 1. 10. When the Pharisees asked a sign of him, which would naturally have attached multitudes to him, he refused to give one. Matt. xii. 38, 39.-Mark viii. 11, 12. Luke xi. 29. When they sought to destroy him, he withdrew himself. Mark iii. 6, 7. After his transfiguration, he charged the disciples who had been with him, "Tell "the vision to no man, until the Son of "Man be risen again from the dead." Matt. xvii. 9.--Markix. 9. He paid tribute that he might not give offence. Matt.xvii. 27. When the chief priests and elders

questioned him, by what authority he acted, and who gave him that authority, he evaded giving them an answer. Matt. xxi. 23. 27.

Mark xi. 28. 33.-Luke xx. 2. 8. When asked whether it was lawful to give tribute to Cæsar, he answered in such a way as could furnish no ground of accusation against him. Matt. xxii. 17. 21.— Mark xii. 14. 17.-Luke xx. 22. 25. When the Scribes and Pharisees brought to him the woman taken in adultery, that if he ventured to condemn her, they might have ground of accusing him for incroachhis conduct was ing upon the civil power, such as to induce the Scribes and Pharisees to leave him. John viii. 2 to 11. When he was desired to speak to a man's brother, to divide the inheritance with him, his answer was, "Who made me a

because "thou fool" was the more opprobrious.

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Spirit,"

P. 188. 1 Cor. xii. 4. i. e. "the Holy Ghost." The article is expressed in the original; and can Markland's observation be eluded, that in this and the two following verses distinct mention is made of the three persons in the Trinity, unless indeed the terms "Lord" in verse 5, and "God" in verse 6. are applied to the Holy Ghost, which is most probable. The 4th and 5th verses are evidently defective, because the Lord" they name "the Spirit" and without ascribing any function or operation to either; and it can hardly be worketh," in doubted but that the " verse 6. is intended to apply to "the Spirit" and "the Lord" in verses 4 and 5. as much as to "God" in verse 6; and how strongly is this confirmed by verse 11. where, after a specification of the gifts, administrations, and operations spoken of generally in verses 4, 5, and 6. the working as to all is distinctly ascribed to the Spirit. See Middl. on Gr. Art. in loco. And the manner in which these passages are scattered in the Gospels, with scarce any allusion to the motive, contribute to a critical mind to shew the real character of the Gospels, an artless and genuine relation of the facts they contain.

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judge or a divider over you?" Luke xii. 13, 14. For observations on these passages, see Locke on Christianity, 55. to 142. This cautious conduct of our Saviour corresponds with the character foretold of him, Is. xlii. 2. "He shall not cry,

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nor lift up, nor cause his voice to be ❝ heard in the street."

"the P. 179. v. 22. "The judgment," "council," and "hell fire;" i. e. Either, first, Jewish punishments, gradually increasing in severity (the first, the being put to death by the sword, the second being stoned to death, which was worse, and the last the being burnt alive in the valley of Hinnom, Grotius in loco); or secondly, Jewish tribunals, competent to inflict these punishments. The object seems to be to mark the difference between divine and human justice: the latter being necessarily confined to offences committed, and not being always able to proportion the punishment exactly to the guilt, whereas the former extends to offences which are conceived only but not executed, and is suited to the degree of guilt with the most accurate nicety. If it rest in anger only, and is confined merely to the inward workings of the mind, subjecting to one degree of punishment; if it advances and breaks forth into words, increasing that degree, and even varying that increase, according to the character of the words, making it more penal to say "thou fool" than " raca,"

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P. 188. 1 Cor. xii. 11. "that one "and the self-same Spirit." Can it be doubted but that this applies to the Holy Ghost? And who but an Omnipotent Being could distribute these gifts according to his will? The word here used for is never applied in the "worketh" ενεργει, New Testament but to an agent, and that commonly one of great power. Middl. on Gr. Art. 225, 6.

P. 192. Gal. iii. 16. (f) The better to understand this short portion of Scripture, it is necessary to see what precedes it, and to attend to the drift of St. Paul's argument. The point he is endeavouring to establish is this, that it is unnecessary for them to observe the Mosaic ordinances; and after reminding them that it was through faith, i. e. belief in Christ, and not from any observance of those ordinances, that they received the Holy Ghost, and noticing that it was to Abraham, long before the Mosaic law, that the promise was made, and that that law had nothing in its nature which could procure that absolution from sin which faith in Christ would; he lays it down as an axiom, that a promise or covenant once confirmed cannot be annulled, and then proceeds with this passage, and the argument here is merely this; that as God had made the promise or covenant with Abraham 430 years before the law

was given to Moses, the giving that law could not qualify or abridge that prior promise or covenant; that in truth the law was not given with a view to any such qualification or abridgement, but was an additional bargain between God and the Israelites, to prepare them at least for the coming of the Messiah, and was intended only to operate till his coming, to be, as he afterwards expresses it, a schoolmaster to bring them unto Christ. It was not therefore binding upon them, and there was no reason they should adopt it,

P. 193. Gal. iii, 17. “ in Christ," rather 66 as to Christ," with reference to him, εἰς Χρισον.

as

P. 193. Gal. iii. 19. " to whom" or 66 " to whom." As the promise was to Abraham, it is only by considering the seed as identified with Abraham, that the promise can be said to have been made to Abraham's seed.

P. 193. Gal. iii. 19. "in the hand," or "by the interposition."

P. 194. Gal. iii. 21. "righteousness," i. e. "justification; being in the situation "of a righteous person.

P. 194. Gal. iii. 22. "faith of Jesus "Christ," i. e. "a full belief that he was "the Messiah; and an implicit convic“tion that it is only through his atone"ment and mediation that we can hope "for remission of sins and the blessings "of a future state."

P. 195. Luke x. 28. "live," i. e. "have "eternal life." The question asked was, what he should do to inherit eternal life, and this is the conclusion of the

answer.

P. 206. Matt. xxii. 45. "How, &c." Not that our Saviour meant to insinuate that he was not David's Son as well as David's Lord but to point to the singularity of his nature: David's son, after the flesh, as being born of one of his lineal descendants, Mary: and yet David's Lord, as being the Son of God, one whose existence did not then begin, when he was introduced bodily into the world, but who had been in the beginning with God, by whom also God made the world, and without whom was not any thing made that was made. St. Austin on Ps. ix. towards the end.

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P. 216. Jude 4. "the only Lord God, &c," rather, our only Master, God, and "Lord Jesus Christ." The original is, τον μόνον δεσποτην Θεον της Κύριον ημων Ιησεν "Xero, and there being no article before

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Or or Kugio, those words must, according to the Greek language, refer to the same person to whom do refers. (See Middl. on the Greek article, 79, 80.) Amory is a substantive, and should be translated "Master" rather than "Lord," because it is immediately followed by "Kugio," to which the term "Lord" is more appropriate; and "," though placed after Kugor, is equally applicable to all the three nouns. Middl. on the Gr. article, 622. This would be a text therefore to which the term "God" would clearly be applied to Christ, were it not that many authorities omit the word CEDY, 66 "God," (Middl. 658. Pole in loco); and then the passage would only be, "Our only Master and Lord Jesus Christ." There are two other texts, however, 2 Pet. i. 1. and Tit. ii. 13, in which the word "God" seems plainly applied to Christ, though this is not so evident upon our version as in the original. The text in 2 Pet. i. 1, is το Θέα ήμων και σωτηρος Ιησε Χρισε, and the proper rendering, I apprehend, is" Our God and Saviour Jesus Christ." This is the translation in most of the early English versions; and there being no article before" wineos," and wings must, according to Dr. Middleton's Rules, refer to the same person. In the same chapter, verse 11. the same words occur, with the substitution only of

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Kupe" for "." "Te Kufie nuwe by owlingos Inse Xpire:" and how are they rendered? 66 Our Lord and Saviour Jesus "Christ," considering both terms "Lord " and Saviour as applying to the same person; and would it not be strange that, in sentences so nearly similar, and occurring so close to each other, the former should be intended to apply to two persons, and the latter only to one? In 2 Pet. ii. 20. and iii. 2. 66 28 Kupia "owinpos" is rendered as it ought,

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"The Lord and Saviour," and refers to one and the same person, Jesus Christ. See Middl, 621 to 626. The original in Tit. ii. 13. is, “ Προσδεχομενοι την μακαρίαν ἐλπίδα, καὶ ἐπιφανειαν της δόξης το μεγάλος Θεο i owingos near Ing. Xir" the literal translation of which I take to be, "Looking

"for that blessed hope, and (or even) the
"appearance of the glory (i. e. the glo-
"rious appearance) of our great God and
"Saviour Jesus Christ." There being no
article before winpos, that word, accord-
ing to Dr. Middleton's Rule, (Middl. 79,
80.) must refer to the same person to
whom e refers, and the context shews,
that by "O" God the Father could
not be meant. The expected appearance
of Christ in glory is continually referred
to by St. Paul; but where is there a sur-
mise of the expectation of an appearance
of God the Father? No man had seen
Him at any time, nor was there any inti-
mation that He would be seen: but the
coming of the Lord, the coming of the
Son of Man in the clouds of heaven,
with power and great glory, is part of
Christ's prophecy, Matt. xxiv. 30.-Mark
xiii. 26. and Luke xxi. 27.; and was mat-
ter of earnest expectation in St. Paul's time.
Chrysostom mentions this passage, vol. 4.
P. 32. in his 6th Discourse on the Phi-
lippians, and vol. 6. p. 962. in his Dis-
course upon the Trinity; and in both he
μεγάλο Θε
considers it as clear, that "
"our great God," applies to Christ, not
to the Father; and Dr. Whitby notices,
that never occurs in the New
Testament but when applied to Christ,
and some coming of his. See 2 Thess.
ii. 8.-1 Tim. vi. 14.-2 Tim. i. 10. and
iv. 1. 8. Dr. Middleton's Rule is illus-
20. where,
trated by Col. i. 3. and Eph. v.
̧” “God and (or even)
by "
τω Θεω και παριος
the Father," the same person must be
meant by both terms. The rendering in
the French edition at Mons, 1672, of the
text in Jude, is conformable to what
seems to me the true sense of the ori-
ginal: "Et qui renoncent Jesus Christ,
"notre unique Maitre, notre Dieu, et
"notre Seigneur."

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P. 223. Jer. xxiii. 6. "The Lord,"
Hebr. Jehovah," the incommunicable
See Hales's Disserta-
name of God.
tions, 200.

P. 223. Jer. xxiii. 6. "Our righteous-
"ness." Because through his mediation
and atonement his righteousness is to be
imputed to us to be carried to our ac-
count to be reckoned ours: we through
him are to be treated as righteous. See
"He of God
1' Hales's Trinity, 232.
"(in the language of Rom. i. 30.) being
"made unto us wisdom, and righteousness,
"and sanctification, and redemption."
- P. 240. Ps. i. 6. "The Judgment," i. e.
probably "any time of visitation."

to

P. 240. Ps. i. 6. “the Congregation,
i. e." those whom God collects,
"exempt them from calamity."

P. 240. Ps. ii. This psalm was written
by David (Acts. iv. 25.) and it either refers
to himself, foretelling the discomfiture of
his enemies, and brings forward an assur-
ance God had made to him, that he (or
some descendant from him) should be to
God a Son, &c. or it applies wholly to the
Messiah, and is a prophecy of the oppo-
sition he should experience, of the success
of his kingdom, and of the vengeance he
should take upon his opponents. The
latter was the opinion of the early Jews,
and is adopted by many of the ablest
commentators. See Pole's Synopsis.-
2 Hales's Chron. 369 to 371.-1 Hales's
Trinity, 187.-and particularly Hales's
Dissert. 224 to 268.

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P. 241. Ps. ii. 2. " against the Lord and against his Anointed." The Hebrew is, against Jehovah and against his "Messiah :" terms which David was not likely to have used, had the psalm been referable to himself.

P. 241. Ps. ii. 4. "The Lord." The Jehovah," word in the Hebrew is not " but Adonai or Adoni, a lower term, sometimes applied to God, and sometimes to man, and properly signifying "a Ruler." It probably refers here to the Messiah, as it certainly does in the prophetic psalm, Ps. cx. 1. where " the Lord said unto my "Lord," is in the original, "Jehovah said "unto my Adon, or Ruler."

"God,"

P. 241. Ps. ii. 5. "he," i. e. he that dwelleth in heaven. See Pole's Synopsis.

I," i. e. " the MesP. 241. Ps. ii. 7. " "siah." Euseb. Eccl. Hist. B. i. c. 3. p. 8. P. 241. Ps. ii. 7. " the Lord." Hebr. "Jehovah."

P. 242. Ps. ii. 11. "The Lord." Hebr. "Jehovah."

P. 242. Ps. ii. 12. "The Son," i. e. "the Messiah."

P. 244. Ps. v. 11. " destroy, &c." The verbs in this and the beginning of v. 12. should rather be in the future, as predictions, than in the optative, as imprecations: "thou shalt destroy," " they shall "all "perish," "" thou shalt cast," and

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they that put their trust in thee shall "rejoice." They are futures in the Hebrew, but that language having no optatives, what is there in the future, is rendered either as a future or an optative, as may best suit what is supposed to be the meaning.

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