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The meaning of "ore," when contrasted with the preceding extracts, will be too obvious to require any comment. The substitution of o for á was evidently the work of the Normans. The Anglo-Saxon á was pronounced like the Danish aa, the Swedish å, or our modern o in more, fore, &c. The strong intonation given to the words in which it occurred would strike a Norman ear as indicating the same orthography that marked the long syllables of his native tongue, and he would accordingly write them with an e final. It is from this cause that we find hár, sár, hát, bát, wá, án, bán, stán, &c. written hore (hoar), sore, hote (hot), bote (boat), woe, one, bone, stone, some of which have been retained. The same principle of elongation was extended to all the Anglo-Saxon vowels that were accentuated; such as réc, reke (reek), líf, life, gód, gode (good), scúr, shure (shower); and hence the majority of those e's mute upon which Mr. Tyrwhitt has expended so much unfounded speculation.

INDEX.

N.B. For the names of SAINTS generally, see the letter S.

A.

ABDERAHMAN L., king of Moham-
medan Spain, i. 255. Fixes the
seat of his empire at Cordova,
256.

Abderahman II., i. 256.
Abderahman III., i. 256. Pro-
claimed caliph, 258.
Abelard of Bath, iv. 354.
Acubo Moreno, an historian of
Lodi, i. 240.

Adalbert, count of Lucca, and mar-
quis of Tuscany, i. 21.
Adalbert, count of Bamberg, his
war with Rudolf, bishop of Wurz-
burg; his defeat and death, ii. 93.
Adalhard, abbot of Corbey; his
treatise on the nature and pro-
ceedings of the national assem-
blies under the Carlovingian
sovereigns, ii. 38.

Adaloald, king of Lombardy, i. 7.
Adelantados mayores, i. 265.
Adolf, count of Nassau, ii. 114.
Adrian I., pope, i. 144.
Adrian IV., pope, i. 160.
Adrian VI., pope, i. 170.
Agincourt, the battle of, iii. 139.
Agostino of Ancona, i. 250.
Alan (surnamed the Great), duke
of Bretagne, ii. 47.

Alan, duke of Bretagne, iii. 27.
Alaric, king of the Wisigoths, ii. 7.
Alberic, marquis of Camerino, i.

145.

Alberic, the monk, a writer in dog-
matic divinity, the opponent of
Berengarius, i. 238.

Alberic, abbot of the Cistercians,
ii. 284.

Albert, the boar, ii. 104.

Albert, duke of Saxony, ii. 113.
Albert I. of Austria, emperor of
Germany; his rapacity and ty.
ranny, ii. 114.

Albert II, archduke of Austria,
elected emperor of Germany, ii.
116.
Alberto Scotto, lord of Placenza,
i. 63.

Albertus Magnus, ii, 307.
Albigenses, origin of their tenets
as set forth by Peter the monk of
Vaulx-Cernay, i. 293.
Funda-
mental resemblance of, to the
Manichæan heresy, i. 297.
Albizzi, i. 89.

Alboin, founder of the kingdom
of Lombardy, his tragical fate
i. 6.
Alcuin, his birth and early educa-
tion, ii. 247. Admitted to holy
orders to serve in the cathedral
of York, 248. Settles in France,
and becomes the preceptor of
Charlemagne and the imperial
family; makes repeated applica-
tion to Charlemagne to be re-
leased from his dignities and
public duties; receives as a place
of retreat the magnificent abbey
of St. Martin at Tours, 249. His
letter to Charlemagne, 250. His
death, 251.

Aldred of Northumbria, his inter-
lineary version of the Four Gos-
pels, now in the British Museum,
iv. 56.

Alexander, abbot of Telese, i. 240.
Alexander II., pope, i. 148.
Alexander III., pope, i. 160.
Alexander IV., pope, i. 163.
Alexander V., pope, i. 169.
Alexandria, the city of, built, i. 41.
Alexis Comnenus, i. 115.
Alexis Comnenus, i. 239.
Alfonso I., king of Naples, i. 139.
Alfonso I., king of the Asturias,
Leon, and Castile, i. 261.
Alfonso II., i. 261.
Alfonso III, i. 261.

Alfonso V., i. 261.

Alfonso I., of Aragon, i. 276.
Alfonso II., i. 276.
Alfonso III., i. 277.

Alfonso V. unites the crown of
Sicily with that of Naples, i. 139.
278.

Alfonso VI., king of Leon, and I.
of Castile, i. 262.

Alfonso VIII, of Leon and Castile,

i. 262.
Moors, 263.
Alfonso IX., of Leon, his marriage
with the infanta Berengaria of
Castile, i. 263.

His success over the

Alfonso X., of Castile and Leon, i
268.

Alfonso, count of Portugal, obtains

a splendid victory over the Moors
on the plains of Ourique, and as-
sumes the legal title, i. 280.
Alfred the Great, iii. 20.

Retires
to the island of Ethelingey, 21.
His vicissitudes and moral re-
formation, 22. Returns to his
kingdom; his victories over the
Danes; his internal administra.
tion, 23. His personal character
and death, 24.

Alhakem I., king of Mohammedan
Spain, i. 256.

Alhakem II., i. 257.

Allemanni, ii. 1.

Almanzor, general and minister of

Hixem II., i. 256.

Almohades, the, i. 257.

Almoravides, i. 256.

Alonso el Sabio, i. 242.

Alured of Beverly, iv. 282.

Amalfi, i. 108.

Anacletus II., anti-pope, i. 116.
Anastasius Bibliothecarius, author

of the Vitæ Romanorum Pon-
tificum, i. 233.

As

Andreo Agnello, author of the
Liber Pontificalis, i. 233.
Andrew of Hungary, i. 134.
sassination of, 135.
Angelicus, Doctor, i. 251.
Anglo-Normans, ii. 53.
Anglo-Saxons, government of the,
iii. 38. Military policy of the, 44.
Classes of society, 49. Judicial
system of, 52. Local regulations,
55. Form of proceedings, extract
from Dr. Lingard on this subject,
56. System of frankpledge gene-
rally diffused throughout the
polity of, 60. Extract from Mr.
Hallam on this subject, his
opinion refuted, 62. Laws of the,
64. Canonical penance added to
civil mulets and penalties, 74.
Character of the Saxon laws very
unfavourable to their morals, 78.
Character of the arts of life, iv.
4. Names of their months, 5.
Domestic architecture of the, 6.
Magnificence of the interior of
their churches, 9. Splendour of
the saccrdotal garments, 10. Me-
chanics and artisans of the, 11.
Literature of the, 13. Inversion
and the paraphrasis, the two fun-
damental characters of their poe

try, 17. Popular songs of the, 21.
Extract from one of their homi-
lies, 51. State of science during
the Anglo-Saxon period, 115. In-
tellectual sciences of the, 130.
Anlaf, son of Sightric, the Danish
king of Northumbria, iii. 25.
Anna Comnena, princess, i. 241.
Anschar (St.), ii. 207.

Ansgar, marquis of Jura, i. 21.
Anszarians, ii. 30.

Anthar, king of Lombardy, i. 7.
Aragon, union of, with Castile, i.
278. Ancient constitution of, 279.
Ardoin, marquis of Ivria, i. 29.
Arialdo, the deacon, murder of, i.
211.

Arichis, duke of Beneventum, i.109.
Aripert II., king of Lombardy, i. 7.
Aristotle, ii. 307.

Arnaldo of Brescia, i. 172.

Arnulf, elected emperor of Ger-
many, ii. 38. His policy; allies
himself with the Huns, 92. His
triumphs over the Normans, 93.
Arnulphus, the historian of Milan,
i. 140.

Artaveldt, Philip van, ii. 82.
Arthur and his knights, legends
respecting them, iv. 326.

Asti, i. 33.

Astolf, king of Lombardy, i. 7.
Asturias, origin of the kingdom of
the, i. 260.

Athelstan, the first monarch ot
England, iii. 25. Invades Nor-
thumbria, and annexes it to his
other states, 26. His victory
over Anlaf, 26. He assumes the
title of king of the English, 27.
Atto, bishop of Vercelli, author of
a comment on St. Paul's epistles,

and two sermons in poetry, i. 233.
Auna, king of the East Angles, iii.
216.

Austrasia, or eastern France, ex-
tent of, ii. 12.

Avignon, the papal throne removed
from, to Rome, i. 166.
Avitus (St.), of Vienne, ii. 220.

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Barnabas, lord of Milan, i. 67.
Barnet, battle of, ii. 141.

Bartolomeo de Neocastro, i. 251.
Bavaria, invasion c, by the Huns,
ii. 31.

Beauharnois, Eugene, i. 108.
Bede, the venerable, his account of
the Saxon poetry, iv. 14. His
death, 94. Account of his last
days, by Cuthbert, 95. Character
of his writings, 97.
Benedict V., pope, i. 146.
Benedict VI, pope, i. 146.
Benedict VII., pope, i. 146.
Benedict VIII., pope, i. 146.
Benedict IX., pope, i. 147.
Benedict XI., pope, i. 148.
Benedict XII., pope, i. 165.
Benedict XIII., pope, i. 168.
Beowulf, the first epic or heroic
extant in any vernacular lan-
guage of Europe, iv. 31.
Bera, sovereign count of Barcelona,
i. 274.

Berard of Pisa, i. 238.

Berengaria, infanta of Castile, her

marriage with Alfonso, king of
Leon, i. 263.

Berengario I., sovereign count of
Barcelona, i. 275.

Berenger I., king of Italy, his me-
lancholy fate, i. 22.

Berenger, marquis of Ivria, i. 24.

His despotism and cruelty, 27.
Bergamo, i. 33.

Bernardo, sovereign count of Bar-
celona, i. 274.

Berold, the first duke of Savoy, ii.
97.

Birinus, the apostle of Wessex, iii.
181.

Blanche, princess of Navarre; her

marriage with Martin I. of Si-
cily, regency of, i. 133.
Blanche, queen, mother of St.
Louis, king of France, regency
of, ii. 57.

Bobbio, the monastery of, founded
by St. Columbanus, in 615., ii. 185.
Boccaccio, i. 253.

Boleslas, duke of Poland, ii. 96.
Boniface (St.), apostle of Germany,

ii. 195.

Boniface VII., pope, i. 146.
Boniface IX., pope, i. 168.
Bonizone, bishop of Pacenza, i. 238.
His death, 239.

Bosworth Field, battle of, iii. 141.
Bretwalda, the wielder or sovereign
of Britain, dignity of, iii. 11.
Bridferth, a monk of Ramsey, the
commentator of Bede, iv. 119.
Britain, state of, at the time of the
Saxon invasion, iii. 1. Character
of the people, 4. Divided into

seven kingdoms by the Saxons, 9.
Invaded by the Danes, 17.
Brithnoth, the death of, a Saxon
fragment, iv. 23.

Brunanburg, the battle of, iii. 26.
Brunehild, her marriage with Sige-
bert, king of Austrasia, ii. 13.
Her death, 14.

Buonaventura, cardinal, iv. 355.
Burchard, of Worms, i. 245.
Burkard, duke of Swabia, ii. 94.
Burley, iv. 355.

Burrhed, the vassal king of Mercia;
his death, iii. 20.

C.

Cadalus, bishop of Parma, elected
pope by the imperial court, i. 154.
Cadwallan, iii. 13.

Cadwan, the British king of North
Wales, iii. 12.

Caedman, the elder, the most an
cient Saxon poet, iv. 14.
Cæsarius (St.), of Arles, ii 223.
Caffaro, the Genoese historian, i.75.
Calietus II., pope, i. 159.
Campero of Novaro, i. 251.
Campus Maii, ii. 40.

Canterbury, the cathedral of, re-
built by the archbishop Lanfranc,
iv. 141.

Canute the Great, iii. 35. His cha
racter and death, 36.
Carara, Francesco de, i. 67.
Carlo IV., the last duke of Mantua,

i. 93.

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Carthusians, the order of, founded
by St. Bruno, ii. 278.
Casino, Monte, i. 111.

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Castile, the kingdom of, i. 261. Po-
litical and civil condition of, 264.
The ancient system of represent-
ation in, 269.

Catalonia, early history of, i. 273.
Subject to the crown of Cordova,
274. Union of, with Aragon, 276.
Legislature and laws of, 277.
Catherine, sovereign of Navarre, i.
273.

Catherine, daughter of Charles VI.
king of France, her marriage with
Henry V. of England, iii. 139.
Ceadwalla, the first Christian so
vereign of Wessex, iii. 15.

Ceawlin, king of Wessex, and Bret-
walda of Britain, iii. 11.
Ceolric, king of Wessex, iii. 15.
Ceolwulf, king of Mercia, iii. 14.
Cerdic the Saxon, founds the king-
dom of Wessex, iii. 7.

Charibert L., king of Aquitaine, ii.
12.

Charibert II., ii. 14.

Charlemagne, captures Lombardy,
i. 7. Crowned by pope Ste-
phen III., 143. Founds the Uni-
versity of Pavia, 232. His wars
in Germany, ii. 29. Forces the
Saxons to embrace Christianity,
30. His triumphs over the Sax-
ons, 31. Becomes the first em-
peror of the West, 32. His death,
and character, 33.

Charles of Valois, king of Naples, i.
88. Declared by the pope king
of the Two Sicilies, 132.
Charles of Anjou conquers the
kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, i.
126. Tyranny of, 127. Becomes
virtually lord of Italy, 130. His
death, 131.

Charles II, king of Naples, i. 134.
Charles III., i. 136. Assassination

of, 137.

Charles Hubert, king of Hungary,
i. 134.

Charles I., king of Navarre, i. 272.
Charles Martel, his glorious victory
over the Mohammedans on the
plains of Poitiers, ii. 17. His
death, 18.

Charles II. (the Bald) of France, ii.
35.

Charles III. (the Fat), ii, 37. Depo-
sition of, 38.

Charles IV. (the Simple), ii. 47.
Charles IV. (Le Bel), his death, ii.

78.

Charles V., violates the peace of
Bretagny, ii. 81. Resumes hosti-

lities with the English, 82.
Charles VI., ii. 82. His insanity, 83.
Charles VII., ii. 84.

Charles VIII., ii. 86.

Charles IV., king of Bohemia, elect-
ed emperor of Germany; his
death, ii. 115.

Charles V., emperor, i. 264.
Charles (the Bold) duke of Bur-
gundy, ii. 85.

Childebert L., of France, ii. 11.
Childebert II., king of Austrasia,
ii. 18. His death, 14.
Childebert III., ii. 17.

Childeric II., king of Austrasia, ii.
15.

Chilperic I., king of Neustria, ii. 12.
Chivalry, origin of, ii. 62.

secration and duties of, 63.

Con-

Chrestien de Troyes, the original
author of the romance of Iwain
and Gawain, iv. 329.

Christian Spain, state of the church
in, i. 284.

Chrodielda, a nun of Poitiers, ii. 240.
Church, origin of lay presentation
to ecclesiastical benefices, i. 151.
Institution of tithes, 152. Fer-
vour of the ancient Christians,
174. High character of the
bishops, 175. Effects of the feudal
system in the, 176. State of, un-
der the Merovingian and Carlo..
vingian princes, ii. 152. Anec-
dote of the Monk of St. Gall,
indicative of the power of the
throne over the church, 155.
Ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 156.
Rise and fall of the metropoli-
tans, 157. The Formulæ of Mar-
culfus, 161. Assumption of the
papal see, 165. Internal and ex-
ternal causes of the decline of
the Anglo-Saxon church, iii. 234.
Monastic revenues, 339. Danish
ravages, 241. Clerical marriages,
250. Never sanctioned by the
Anglo-Saxon church, 278. Ge-

neral observations on the doc-
trines and discipline of the Anglo-
Saxon church, 306. Number of bi-
shoprics, 307. Election of bishops,
308. Orders of the hierarchy,
309. Government of, 310. Autho
rity of the popes, 312. Revenues
of the, 314. Donations of lands,315.
Establishment of secular monas-
teries, 316. Ecclesiastical immu-
nities, 317. Voluntary offerings
for the support of, 319. The
privilege of the sanctuary fully
recognised by the Saxon church,
323. Institution of the Peace of
the Church, 325. Baptism, 326.
The Eucharist, 327. Transub-
stantiation, 328. An enquiry into
the opinions of the church uni-
versal, on the nature of the real
presence, 331. Beneficial effects
of the Norman conquest; eccle-
siastical administration of Lan-
franc, archbishop of Canterbury,
iv. 136. Improvement of the
monasteries under the Normans,
141. Plundered by William Ru-
fus, 147. Limits of ecclesiastical
jurisdiction, 163. Expulsion of
the clergy from the judicial
courts, 176. Rapacity of the
popes, 228. Irregularities of the
clergy, 232. State of, from the
death of Edward I. to the preach-
ing of Wickliffe, 265.
Ciompi, i. 89.

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