Rules that should be obeyed. I Learn to be neat in all your ways. I never converse when chefensing medicine. III Have every thing in its fosition on the comcter. II keep your balance deurate and clean, let nothing defile it; give every give every one his frosproportion - no er no more, no I Learn to be quick reffert; do your work well; never let haste interfere with accura good work. accuratry II Jever diefence a R of which you are not abso sure; better acknowledge ignorance than suffer. that any should 25 In case of doubt. consult the frescriber if accessible, therwise take refutation IIII: Eever substitute. no risk IX. Always verify your work by calling off checking with a th a fellow dispenser; two witnesses errors are lessened & tablished farte. es When handling forsones, always bear in mind the importance of the work you doing; returne every article to its fropflace at once. er Carelessness canses one half the mis takes, undue baste the remainder. L PART I. GENERAL PHARMACY. CHAPTER I. PHARMACOPOEIAS. ALTHOUGH the term Pharmacopoeia (from the Greek pápμakov, medicine, and oliv, to make) is defined by lexicographers as meaning a book of formulas or directions for the preparation of medicines, the word has now received a more liberal construction and is taken to include, besides the foregoing, also descriptions of vegetable as well as mineral and animal drugs, together with appropriate tests for establishing the identity and quality of the same, the whole prepared by some recognized authority. The necessity for a definite and authoritative standard in the selection and preparation of medicines was long since recognized by all civilized nations, thus the London Pharmacopoeia was established in 1618, that of Paris in 1639 and that of Edinburgh in 1699. The first truly national standard was that of France, issued in 1818, which retained the name of its predecessor, the Paris Pharmacopoeia, and is even to-day still known as the Codex Medicamentarius. The first United States Pharmacopoeia was established in 1820, prior to which time various foreign pharmacopoeias had been in use in this country. The British Pharmacopoeia, into which were merged the London, Edinburgh and Dublin (established 1807) Pharmacopoeias, was first issued in 1864, while Germany did not adopt a national standard until 1872, nearly two years after the restoration of the German empire. Owing to the rapid advances in the science of medicine and pharmacy, frequent revisions have become necessary, and the following table shows the date of the last revised editions of the pharmacopoeias of leading nations : The Pharmacopoeia of the United States, although without the power of legal enforcement by act of Government, is, nevertheless, recognized as an authority by the courts, and is the standard employed in the purchase of medical supplies for the Army and Navy of the United States. In some of the States it has been adopted as the legal standard in the enforcement of pharmacy laws, and this plan is likely to be followed by others. The Pharmacopoeia as now published represents the joint work of the medical and pharmaceutical professions; but in the early part of this century, when pharmacy had not yet reached the state of a fully developed profession in this country, the apothecary held a rather subordinate position, and therefore had no voice in the compilation of the first national Pharmacopoeia, which was adopted in 1820 by a convention of physicians assembled at Washington, D. C., under the presidency of Dr. S. L. Mitchell, the publication of the book being entrusted to a special committee of which Dr. Lyman Spalding was chairman, and both the Latin and English languages being used in the text. In 1830, through some misunderstanding and consequent dissatisfaction, two separate conventions were held for the revision of the Pharmacopoeia, one in New York and one in Washington, and at the latter the Government medical service was represented for the first time and participated in the proceedings; at this time provision was also made for regular subsequent revisions every ten years. In the Pharmacopoeia of 1840 the Latin version of the text was omitted, and in this revision material aid was also given by the pharmacists, although they had no representation in the convention; numerous improvements in the working formulas appear in this edition. In the convention of 1850 two colleges of pharmacy were duly represented by delegates, and from this time forward the value of pharmaceutical collaboration has been recognized, and its influence is discernible in the many practical details of the Pharmacopoeia. Since 1850 the convention for the revision of the Pharmacopoeia has assembled in the city of Washington, D. C., regularly in the month of May of every tenth year; all duly incorporated medical and pharmaceutical societies and colleges throughout the United States are entitled to representation by three delegates, the three branches of the Government medical service being also represented by one delegate each. The final revision and publication of the Pharmacopoeia, under instructions from the convention, is entrusted to a committee of twenty-five members; this committee in 1880 and again in 1890 was composed of twelve physicians and thirteen pharmacists, under the chairmanship of Charles Rice, Ph.D. As the Pharmacopoeia is in almost daily use by the pharmacist, a short study of its plan and arrangement is desirable for a more intelligent understanding of the text. The titles of all drugs recognized in the Pharmacopoeia, whether derived from the vegetable, mineral, or animal kingdom, are conveniently given in three subdivisions known as the official Latin name, the official English name, and the official definition, to which is added an official description, by means of which the identity of all official substances can be readily established. The following examples will better illustrate the arrangement of pharmacopoeial subjects: ACONITUM The tuber of Aconitum Napellus, Linné (nat. ord. Ranunculaceae) From 10 to 20 Mm. thick at the crown; conically contracted below; from 50 to 75 Mm long, with scars or fragments of radicles; dark brown externally; whitish internally; with a rather thick bark, the central axis about seven-rayed; without odor; taste at first sweetish, soon becoming acrid, and producing a sensation of tingling and numbness, which lasts for J some time. CANTHARIS CANTHARIDES Cantharis vesicatoria, De Geer (class Insecta; order Coleoptera) About 25 Mm. long and 6 Mm. broad; flattish-cylin- ] drical, with filiform antennæ, black in the upper part, and with long wing-cases, and ample membranous, (Official Latin Name.) (Official English Name.) } (Official Definition.) (Official Description.) (Official Latin Name.) (Official English Name.) } (Official Definition.) transparent, brownish wings; elsewhere of a shining (Official Description.) coppery-green color. The powder is grayish-brown, and contains green, shining particles. Odor strong and disagreeable; taste slight, afterwards acrid. PLUMBI CARBONAS LEAD CARBONATE 2PbCO3.Pb(OH), = 772.82 A heavy, white, opaque powder, or a pulverulent ] mass, without odor or taste. Permanent in the air. Insoluble in water or alcohol, but soluble in acetic or diluted nitric acid with effervescence. When strongly heated, the salt turns yellow without charring, and if heated in contact with charcoal, it is reduced to metallic lead. Its solution in diluted nitric acid yields a black precipitate with hydrogen sulphide, a yellow one with potassium iodide, and a white one with diluted sulphuric acid. One Gm. of the salt strongly ignited in a porcelain crucible, should leave a residue of lead oxide weighing not less than 0 85 Gm. (Official Latin Name.) (Official English Name.) (Official Definition.) (Official Description.) The OFFICIAL LATIN NAME, which very properly is given in the Latin language, owing to its security against change, is intended to be at once simple and distinctive, and must be accepted as representing the drug or preparation more particularly defined in the other subdivisions. In some instances the names by which drugs have been long known have been retained without any special reference to the source, thus Galla, Buchu, Cusso, Opium, Mastiche, Senna, Kino, Kamala, etc., but in the majority of cases the generic or specific name of the plant or animal yielding the drug has been adopted as the official name, thus Aconitum, Camphora, Catechu, Ipecacuanha, Coccus, Hyoscyamus, Moschus, Rheum, Senega, etc. In order to avoid confusion a few of the former generic or specific names of plants have been retained as the official names of drugs now known to be derived from a different source, as in the case of Quassia from Picræna excelsa, Cambogia from Garcinia Hanburii, Pareira from Chondodendron tomentosum, etc. As different species of the same genus often furnish different drugs, it becomes necessary in such cases either to employ the full botanical name of the plant to distinguish the official varieties, as Viburnum opulus and Viburnum prunifolium, Rosa centifolia and Rosa gallica, or to select the generic name only for one of the drugs and the full botanical name for others, as in the case of the genus Rubus, where the Pharmacopoeia has chosen the generic name of the plant, Rubus villosus, to designate the root of the blackberry, but the full name of the plant, Rubus idaus, as the official name for the fruit of the raspberry. Whenever different parts of the same plant are officially recognized as distinct drugs, the name of the particular part must be added to the generic or specific name of the plant, thus Arnica Flores and Arnica Radix, Belladonna Folia and Belladonna Radix, etc.; to this rule the Pharmacopoeia makes an exception in the case of Sassafras bark and pith, both derived from Sassafras varifolium the bark is officially known by the generic name only, while the pith is designated as Sassafras Medulla. In the official names of compound preparations the principal active constituents are as a rule specified, as Liquor Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis, Tinctura Aloes et Myrrha, Trochisci Glycyrrhiza et Opii, Pilula Aloes et Ferri, Mistura Rhei et Soda, but usage has sanctioned a modification of this rule when there are many ingredients, by naming one of them with the addition of an adjective, such as compositus, a, um (compound), aromaticus, a, um (aromatic), etc., thus making a simple comprehensive title, as Spiritus Ammonia Aromaticus, Tinctura Cinchona Composita, Pilula Cathartica Vegetabiles, Pulvis Morphine Compositus, Linimentum Sinapis Compositum, etc. In the case of chemical compounds where similar combinations of the same elements, or several varieties of the same compound, have received recognition, it is absolutely necessary that the official name include some qualifying term by means of which the character of the substance may at once be recognized, thus Hydrargyri Chloridum-Corrosivum and Mite, Hydrargyri Iodidum-Flavum and Rubrum, Ferri Sulphas-Exsiccatus and Granulatus, etc. The Latin official names are generally used in the singular number, even though the idea of plurality may be essentially connected with the drug, as in the case of Caryophyllus, Galla, Amygdala, Pilocarpus, etc.; this is in accordance with the precedent set by the Roman medical writers. Whenever a part of the plant also appears in the official name the following rule prevails: Semen (seed), Cortex |