zite sand is the raw material from which nitrate of thorium is produced. Nitrate of thorium is essential in the making of gas mantles. The Germans cut the price of thorium to such a figure in this country that the industry was throttled and monozite sand is no longer produced successfully.

Wall pockets are made principally from a coarse paper which is a by-product of the tobacco manufactories. Its base is the tobacco stems which are thrown out in the manufacture of smoking material. There has been a fall in the price of this commodity and a corresponding reduction has been made in the wholesale price of the American product. But there has been no corresponding fall in the price of aniline dyes, which are an essential material in the manufacture of these goods. The superintendent of the Buffalo art works writes under date of December 5, as follows:

According to information we received regarding the importation of wall pockets from Germany, these have increased almost 50 per cent over the previous six months. "Its effect on our business can be readily explained by the fact that the New York concern, called the United States Wall Pocket Manufacturing Co., has discontinued entirely the manufacture of wall pockets, as it is utterly impossible to compete with the German products.

"We are inclosing you a copy of our new price list, and you will note that our new line consists of but seven designs, whereas we usually carried about 30 designs.

"Were it not for the fact that we are relying on a fair duty being placed on wall pockets, we should be compelled to discontinue also, as we are unable to even begin to compete with the German wall pockets under present conditions.

'Raw material has not fallen to any great extent, with the exception of paper. This is reflected in our prices, as we are now selling the large size at $75 per 1,000, which were selling at $99. Aniline colors cost us the same. As skilled labor is required. we have been unable to reduce our costs in this direction."

We believe that we have shown you in the above the reasons why it is absolutely necessary that a tariff be placed upon wall pockets high enough to insure the maintenance of the industry in this country. It is true that wall pockets are not a prime necessity in the life of the American people. It is also true that they do not complete with the art galleries or exhibitions of pictures, but they do add brightness to the homes of the poorer of our population; and, in view of the fact that the industry helps to lessen the unemployment of American working people, we urge that you help us to maintain these people in their places by affording us the means to continue to pay them wages, which we can not do unless we are given protection sufficient to maintain the existence of this industry.

As a further argument for the desirability of placing a specific duty upon wall pockets attention is directed to the fact that in the act of 1909 views of any landscape, scene, building, place, or locality in the United States on cardboard or paper were made dutiable at a specific duty of 15 cents a pound and 25 per cent ad valorem, while thinner cards containing such scenes were made dutiable at the rate of $2 per thousand. In the act of 1913 cards containing American scenes (par. 329, p. 116 of the comparison) were made dutiable at the rate of $2 per thousand. Here the committee has a precedent upon which to base the action which we ask. Should it be deemed desirable to refrain from including wall pockets in paragraph 1313, we ask that these articles be placed in paragraph 1310 by inserting the words "wall pockets" after the word "booklets" made of paper, cardboard, etc., in the fourteenth line of paragraph 1310, page 116 of the comparison, so as to make wall pockets dutiable at the rate of 15 cents a pound, as it is proposed to make booklets of similar character.

Mr. Bock. The request was made of Mr. Saunders of the manufacturing lithographers to permit me time to address this body. Senator LA FOLLETTE. Give your name and residence to the reporter, and state for whom you speak.

STATEMENT OF MR. PHILIP BOCK, INTERNATIONAL PRESIDENT AMALGAMATED LITHOGRAPHERS OF AMERICA, 205 WEST FOURTEENTH STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y.

Mr. Bock. I speak for the lithographers, and when I say "lithographers" I mean the men who earn a livlihood in the lithographic industry.

I might say the number I represent throughout the United States is approximately 9,000, upon whom at least 60,000 workmen depend for a livelihood. Mr. Saunders has thoroughly gone over the ground

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with you, and showed you that the Fordney bill which is now before you, known as the tariff act of 1921, does not give to the lithographic industry the protection absolutely necessary.

I presented a brief before the Ways and Means Committee, wherein I requested 100 per cent over and above the Payne-Aldrich bill of The request has not been granted, but I do hope that, after giving this careful consideration, you will do for the lithographic workmen of this country the one thing which will protect the litho graphic workman, the one thing which will protect him and his family from poverty and starvation.

Mr. Saunders has shown to you that the foreign lithographers are at the present time quoting prices which are far below the cost of production in this country. That is a fact.

We have also here quoted on page 60, on paragraph 1305, in the third line from the bottom, the following: "Wet transfer paper or paper prepared wholly with glycerin or glycerin combined with other materials, containing the imprints taken from lithographic plates, 30 per centum ad valorem.

That, gentlemen, if it was rightly understood by you the ad valorem of 30 per cent is absolutely insignificant. It amounts to nothing, pure and simple. We will take, for illustration, and will show you what it means: We will say a drawing made the same as that picture [indicating], which may cost in art work alone something in the neighborhood of $5,000. Ten impressions can be taken from those originals upon what they call transfer paper, put into a little tin box, forwarded on to this country, and the numbers of impres sions printed therefrom. What does that mean? That means that the artist employed in America must walk the streets instead of having employment at the time when this artist in Germany has put in that time and drawn a salary far below the salary paid to the lithog rapher of America. All down the line it means the same identical thing in every one of the departments.

We find at the present time great unemployment in the lithographic industry. Due to what? Due to the importation into this country or at least the proposed importation into this country-unless the Senate will do something for us to double the Payne-Aldrich rates to prevent the coming into this country of lithographic products at a price lower than can be manufactured on this side of the ocean. Senator LA FOLLETTE. How many men are employed in this country in the lithographic industry?

Mr. Bock. I believe about 9,000 lithographers in the United States, and depending on those about 60,000.

Senator MCLEAN. Where is your industry located?

Mr. Bock. Throughout the United States and Canada.

Lithography, gentlemen, is an art; it is not something that you may say can be produced in a brief time by Tom, Dick, and Harry A nation that excels in art also excels in culture. There would be one of the greatest catastrophes that ever befell this country if the lithography were destroyed, and it certainly will be destroyed unles you will come to our rescue and write into that bill now an adequat. tariff that will prevent the coming into this country of goods at a figure lower than we can produce it here. None of our employer will be able to exist unless you do, and we ask in the name of su men that have spent the most of their life in this industry hav equested you to do, double the present bill-that is, 100 per cer bove what you have got it to-day.

Senator LA FOLLETTE. Have you covered this subject fully in your brief?

Mr. Bock. We have no brief to present at the present time, our brief was presented under date of February 14 to the Ways and Means Committee. I believe you have had a copy of that presented to you. Senator LA FOLLETTE. You can have that printed in connection with your remarks here.

Mr. Bock. That is the brief that has already been printed in the report of the Ways and Means Committee. You no doubt have a copy of this.

Senator LA FOLLETTE. It is in the hearings before the Ways and Means Committee.

Senator MCLEAN. I suggest that we reprint it here, because we want our record full and complete. If you want to add anything or modify anything you are at liberty to do so.

Mr. Bock. No, I believe that brief covers pretty nearly everything. I do not represent either employer or importer. I represent the workingman, for whom I am pleading.

(The brief submitted by Mr. Bock is here printed in full, as follows:)

To the WAYS AND MEANS COMMITTEE,

House of Representatives, Washington, D. C.

FEBRUARY 14, 1921.

HONORABLE SIRS: We, the Amalgamated Lithographers of America, a labor organization, respectfully submit for your consideration this memorial as representing our plea for the fixing of a higher rate of duty on the lithographic articles as specif ed in Schedule M of the proposed new tariff bill now before your honorable committee. This association represents a membership of over 9.000 workmen, all of whom are men of very high skill, and through us we speak for the 60,000 workers who depend entirely on the lithographic industry for their livelihood.

The export of lithography is so negligible that we are safe in stating that our industry is wholly a domestic one, the commodity that we produce is only marketable in this country, and the introduction into this market of any foreign made lithography is a matter of serious menace to the welfare and progress of our American industry, every ounce of lithographs imported into this country is just so much less work for our people, every item imported lessens the opportunity for employment, a factor upon which the welfare of our whole Nation depends.

We contend that the Government owes to us a rate of duty on lithographs that will represent the vast differentials in wages that exist between the American lithographic workmen and foreign lithographic workmen.

Reviewing the question from the angle as to the wide difference in wages paid in the United States as compared with wages paid in Germany and other foreign countries, which plays probably the most important role in this matter. it is well to note that the wages paid throughout the United States to skilled lithographic workmen averages $40 per week, while the wages paid in Germany, for example, to the same class of workmen averages $5 per week. Reference, copy of a letter now in possession of your committee by Mr. Groves. American trade commissioner at Zurich, Switzerland, testifying that the wages paid to the lithographic workmen in Germany is something less than $5 per week, and it is still less than that amount in Austria and other surrounding countries. The average wages paid to the workmen of this country performing the same class of work is $40 per week. This is a proportion of 8 to 1.

The rates as specified in the Underwood-Simmons bill spell ruin and demoralization to our industry and our work people. On page 509 of your Summary of Tarift Information you will find that in 1914 lithographs were imported into this country to the extent of 4.895.643 pounds. This represented a value of $1.780.548. Every ounce and every dollar of these lithographs was just so much less work for the American lithographic workmen, and still further despite the fact that the war was proving itself as a barrier on importations, post cards, to the value of $3.431.932 were imported into this country in 1918, we know that with the war over the foreign lithographers will redouble their efforts in seeking to promote their export trade.

We submit that your honorable committee should fix a tariff rate on all lithography that will sufficiently represent the difference in wages paid here and abroad. In 1909, at the time of the enactment of the Payne-Aldrich tariff law, the rate of wages between here and Germany was on a ratio of 4 to 1, that is, the average wage of the American

lithographic workmen was $20 per week, while the wage of the German lithograph. workmen doing the same class of work was $5 per week. Since that time our wages have gradually increased until to-day our average is $40 per week. Taking this as a basis we urge that in order for our wages to be protected against foreign competition that the rates governing lithographs should be increased 100 per cent over the rates as specified in the Payne-Aldrich bill.

We have laid great stress and emphasis on the lithographers of Germany; we do that for the reason that lithography is a German creation. The Germans are peculiar! adapted to this art; they have fostered the industry and have proven in the past th they are our chief competitors. But there is another country which is fast looming up as an active competitor: that is Japan. That country during the past few year has made splendid progress in the art of lithography. They have exported from this country the highest type of lithographic presses that are manufactured and us dr. this country. They have engaged the highest type of skill with regard to lite graphic workmen to act as tutors. This work has been done with the sanction o their Government. This work is now on the American market. We can not meet with them in competition, as the difference in wages between the American work man and the Japanese workman is at a ratio of at least 15 to 1. We have every reason fo believe that if Congress does not enact an adequate tariff law that our industry will seriously suffer from this Asiatic competitor.

This in itself places the American lithographer at a tremendous disadvantage at the very inception of the struggle for existence, as against the great odds the foreiz competitor has in his effort to invade the home market.

The ultimate result of this condition of the difference in wages would invite disaster providing there was a low tariff, and would bring about the serious curtailment of the lithographic industry of the United States. The only salvation of the industry he in the enactment of an adequate tariff that will place the lithographers of the United States on an equal plane with the lithographers of Germany and other foreign countries. It has been shown to your honorable committee that the importers in this county are now advertising in the trade papers that they are resuming business and are rea ly to take orders, hence our appeal to you for adequate protection. We want our industri preserved, we want it to grow, we want our "jobs" protected so that we might continue on in our peaceful way, giving comfort and substance to those who depend upon us-our industry is our life and our hope.

Back of the 60,000 workers for whom we bespeak is another great army, that grat army of women and children, who depend on us for their support. They join us in our appeal to you, they ask you just as vigorously as we do to give to us that adequate rate of duty in your new bill. No harm can come to our industry without injuring us Without a sufficient rate of duty being granted our trade will be seriously curtailed, unployment will come with its dreadful features; it rests with your committee to give us that protection that we seek so that happiness and contentment can become a perma nent part of the homes of our workers.

We desire to call your attention of paragraph 137 of the law of 1913, in which 27 per cent ad valorem is the duty charged on lithographic plates of stone or other ma terial, and wet transfer paper containing imprints taken from lithographic plates this character of importation of lithographic work represents 100 per cent labor, the admission of these articles eliminates the artist, transferer, and prover-three very important features in the process of producing a lithograph; the law of 1909 provided for 50 per cent ad valorem; it is our contention that a rate of duty of 100 per cent ad valorem should be placed on any article coming under the supervision of this paragraph, and we respectfully urge your approval of same.

Lithography ranks amongst the fine arts, such as painting and sculpture. A natiou that excels in lithography excels also in culture and all the finer qualities that accompany the highest civilization and enlightenment. It would be a blow to the presum of the United States amongst nations as well as a blot upon its civilization for this industry to be destroyed, and the only way by which this catastrophe can be av øded is as above stated, by the enactment of a law which will not give any advantage to any combination representing predatory wealth in a foreign country, but will pro vide a home investment in a home market.

This brief has not for its purpose the enactment of a law which would entirely prohibit the importation of lithographic works of art from foreign countries. Its pr pose is to persuade Congress to enact a law which will allow a highly skilled hiho graphic workman to earn wages such as are due him in reward for his skill. ¡tspr pose is only to persuade Congress to enact a law which will allow the man who has his labor invested in the business to derive a fair margin of profit from the is asiness There can be no question as to the skill and high technique required to make the competent lithographer. Exceptional skill and experience are necessary to make a competent workman in any of the graphic trades, but in addition to this artistic talert

and that indefinable sixth sense which gives to its possessor an instant conception of the beautiful in art and nature are essentially necessary in the make up of a competent lithographer.

The lithographic industry of the United States furnishes employment to 60,000 work people and their dependents with a livelihood according to American standards. If this industry was curtailed, it would mean that many citizens of our country would be deprived of earning a living at their chosen vocation, and that the future would indeed look dark to all of these men and women. This alone is a matter of such magnitude and contains such possibilities of disaster as to justify this committee in its earnest endeavors to induce your honorable body to write into the tariff law the changes which we recommend.

There are over 650 lithographic manufacturing establishments in this country, they give work to many thousands, 40 per cent of the labor employed in the production of a lithograph must of necessity have some skill of a more or lesser degree, it is an industry where the character of the workers is intensely American, it is an industry that should receive from its Government the fullest degree of protection, it should be fostered, encouraged, and stimulated so that it might thrive and grow, for with its growth the opportunity for wholesome and remunerative employment is given to its citizens, the protection that we are asking at your hands is absolutely essential to the very life of our industry, a rate that adequately represent the differentials in wages between this and other countries should at least be 100 per cent over the rates as specified in the act of 1909, any other rate less than that will seriously impair the steady employment of our work people, the laws and conditions governing the competitive field of lithography when thrown in with foreign competition are so manifestly unequal that they give to the foreign manufacturer an advantage that it is impossible to overcome.

We urge that in the administrative part of your proposed bill it be so framed that it will be absolutely imperative that every item of lithograph that is imported into this country shall distinctly carry an imprint that is clearly legible showing the country of its origin; we respectfully refer to a ruling made by the Secretary of the Treasury in exempting cigar labels and bands from the operation of the law as it now stands; we believe that it should not be made subject to a departmental regulation. It is an admitted fact that in the unit American value costing $1 to manufacture lithographs there is 45 per cent of the cost paid to labor. This clearly demonstrates that with the importation of foreign-made lithographs the one most seriously affected is the American workman. The difference in wages paid to our work people and that paid to the foreign workman is so vast that we are at their mercy on competitive lines; we match with them on quality and character of work, but we can not meet them on standards of wages.

Another matter worthy of serious consideration is the additional advantage that the German lithographers have over our American lithographers in his ability to purchase the raw materials which are needed in the manufacture of lithographs, at a vastly cheaper rate than the American manufacturer is called upon to pay; this condition applies to all countries that export lithographs to this country. It is an advantage that is of great value to the foreign lithographer, and strengthens him considerably in his ability to undersell the American product.

We have read with interest the brief presented to your honorable committee by the representatives of the National Association of Employing Lithographers. We fully concur in its contents and desire to state that its reasoning and recommendation have the full indorsement and approval of the representatives of the Amalgamated Lithographers of America.

In conclusion we desire to express our sincere thanks and appreciation for the courtesy we have received at the hands of your honorable committee, and sincerely hope and trust that you will heed our appeal and protect the lithographic workmen of America from the encroachment of the foreign lithographer.

Respectfully submitted.

By its tariff committee:

AMALGAMATED LITHOGRAPHERS OF AMERICA.

PHILIP BOCK, Chairman.

CHARLES J. HOHLWECK.
WILLIAM A. COAKLEY.

Senator LA FOLLETTE. The committee will now take an adjournment until to-morrow morning at 10.30 o'clock.

(Thereupon, at 4.40 o'clock p. m., the committee adjourned to meet to-morrow, Thursday, December 22, 1921, at 10.30 o'clock a. m.)

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