In England, names of places, many centuries older than any hereditary surnames, have originally been derived from the Wolf: such as Wolfham, Wolfhill, Great Wolford, Wolfpits, Wolfcote, and Wolferlow; Wolverley, Wolverton, and Wolverhampton. The word Woolley, which is still the name of several places, probably always means Wolfley, and comes from Wulfleah, or Wulfeléage, which occur as names of places in the Saxon charters published by Mr. Kemble. Old surnames, Wolveden and Wolvedon, have a similar origin.

Hugh Lupus took his name, and assumed his coat of arms, 'Azure, a Wolf's head erased, Argent,' at a time when wolves and men still had, on the continent of Europe, something approaching to daily intercourse with one another. The Latin form, Lupus, had been a name of baptism centuries before surnames were in use: St. Lupus, St. Leu, as he is called in French, succeeded St. Ursus in the see of Troyes in the fifth century; each of several dignitaries of the Church was called Lupus in the age of Charlemagne.* Our ecclesiastical 'annals. in England are adorned by one or two persons named Lupus, who flourished after the Conquest †, and the French word Leu occurs as a surname in the reign of King John; but the Latin and French forms, Lupus, Leu, Lovel, Lovet, are not common as English surnames. Wolves had almost wholly disappeared from England and Wales long before the Conquest, while in France considerable sums were disbursed out of the Royal Treasury as late as the 13th and 14th centuries in paying for their destruction. So common was this animal's skin, that a garment called Louvière used to be made from it. Pel-de-leu is an old French surname, mentioned by Ducange, and derived, no doubt, from a garment made of a Wolf's skin. Loup has given rise to a considerable number of surnames in France, each belonging to a greater number of persons than all those who in England at the present day can trace their name to Bear, Wolf, Fox, or Tod. Chanteloup, which is the name of several places in France, is probably derived from the howling of wolves near such places. The surname Cantilupe comes from such a place.‡ The Fox, not having been exterminated among us, has given

One of them was an author; his works have been edited by Baluze.

For instance, William Lupus, Archdeacon of Lincoln, juris 'peritus, elegantur literatus et magnæ auctoritatis.' (Matthew Paris, p. 756., A.D. 1254.)

The Wolf's presence and importance in France (where he still remains), is evidenced by the great number of proverbs in which he is named. After an enumeration of such proverbs, occupying several

rise, in comparatively modern times to surnames in the families of Fox, Tod, and Todhunter; and at an earlier period to local names such as Foxholes, Foxham, and Forley, Todburn, Todholes, and Todwich. We cannot leave the Wolf and the Fox, without reminding our readers that the name of Wolfe belonged to one of England's greatest heroes; and that of Fox, to one of her most eminent statesmen.

But let us not leave unnoticed the Boar of the ancient forest; he has contributed more than either bear or wolf or fox to our modern family nomenclature. His best known descendants are the Pigg and Hogg, who trace their pedigree through Porcus, recorded under King John in the Fine Rolls, and who are now accompanied by their attendant Pigman. The Hogg spreads into younger branches of Hoggett and Hoggins, with which Piggins and Swinnock may perhaps be reckoned, and the common fate of them all is suggested by the formidable names of Spic and Speckard, Hogsflesh, Gammon, and Bacon. Country cousins of the family have flourished in England for centuries since the Conquest, enjoying the surnames of Pigdon, Pighills, Pighles, and seemingly Pickles*, Pickford, Pickworth, Hogden, Hogwoodt, Swinburn, Swindell, Swindon, Suggate, Sugg, Suggett, Sugden, Sowden, Sowdon, Sovington, Suersham, Sowerby, pages, Le Roux de Lincy observes (Le Livre des Proverbes Français, tom. i. p. 119., ed. Paris, 1842), 'On sait combien autrefois les 'Loups étaient répandus en France; dans certaines provinces on est 'encore obligé de faire contre ces animaux des battues regulières.'

* Pickles we may compare to Tickles, from the Anglo-Saxon Ticcan, (German, Zicke,) a kid, (and lees): Tickhill, has a like etymology.

† Hogwood, a wood supplying mast for fattening pigs. Dr. Leo observes, that an estate is hardly registered as complete, in the Anglo-Saxon charters, without including one or more such woods.'

The etymology is clear: the syllable sug is the same with the Greek vs, the Latin sus, the Anglo-Saxon sugu, the German sau. The common change of an aspirate into s, (üλŋ into silva,) converts sug into hug or hog. Our hog is the same with the Welsh hwch, and the Armoric houch. The German word sau, and its kindred Anglo-Saxon sugu, are not restricted to the female sex. Luther's translation of the herd of swine' in Matthew's gospel, viii 31., is 'die Heerde Säue.' Hog and pig are properly used of the young only. The former word is applied, at the present day, to sheep of a certain age and condition. The den in such words as Sugden, Sowden, Hogden, is not found in any other German dialect than the Anglo-Saxon, and was adopted into that from the British. It again occurs in the proper name Denman: in such sheltered swine pastures as the words Hogden, Sowden, and Sugden indicate, the Denman would probably be a swineherd.

and Swinnerton. The Wildbores of course claim a direct descent from the Boar of the primeval forest. His elder name Eber, or Eofor has given rise to the following surnames, some of which were in use as proper names in England for centuries before the Conquest. Eber, Ever, Ebers, Evers, Everard, Evered, Everett, Everingham, Everington, Everley, and Everton. The name of a parish and viscounty Ebrington, is contracted from Eberington. One of the most eminent members of the whole of this great race was Pope Sergius IV., whose election to the Holy See took place A. D. 1009. His name was Hogsmouth*, and he was the first Roman by birth who changed his name on his election to the Papacy. Whether he did so, from respect to St. Peter, or because his previous name was Hogsmouth,' Fleury leaves uncertain. The whole herd claims to be of kith and kin with the English Hoggard and Hoggart, but disclaims all relationship with the continental Hogarth, and Hogstraten (the latter made known by the Epistolæ obscurorum Virorum), with whom Hog means hoch or high and they are equally strangers to the northern Sveyin, Sweyn, or Swain, still preserved as an English surname, and meaning servant. But this great genealogical tree had struck its roots in Europe not in the Anglo-Saxon period, but before the Christian era. Suillus was a Roman cognomen: Cn. Temellius Scrofa commanded an army of the Roman Republic ‡, M. Æmilius Lepidus, the orator, was called Porcina (Cic. Brut. c. 25.), and each member of a whole Roman gens was a Porcius, like M. Porcius Cato, the Censor. M. Flavius Aper was Consul, A. U. C. 883, and C. Cornelius Verres was Prætor of Sicily. The name Verrutius differed only from that of Verres in having a longer tail. The etymological identity of the name belonging to the several members of the above family, as spread over the region of the Indo-European languages, will be sufficiently seen by merely writing the corresponding words as found in some of those languages.

With Hogsmouth we may compare Wulfhelm, Bullface, Sheepshanks, and the remarkable name of Stote-vagina, borne by an Archdeacon of York, A.D. 1108. Stoat and Fichet are still found among our surnames.

† Fleury, Hist. Eccles., tom. xii. p. 392., ed. Paris, 1751.

Different legends, explaining the original assumption of the name Scrofa, are found in Varro, R.R. ii. 4., and Macrob. Sat. i. 6.. Cic. in Verr. Act ii. Lib. ii. c. 78.

Sanscrit, Varaha; Latin, Verres; Italian, Verro; Spanish, Berraco; French, Verrat; Latin, Aper and Porcus; English, Boar; Celtic, Bora; Danish, Beer; German, Eber; Anglo-Saxon, Eofor.

Animals have always been conspicuous in Heraldic charges, and such charges have probably supplied surnames in many instances: Richard the Third was thus called the Boar, or the Hog, and so gave occasion to the rhyme that cost the maker 'his life : '

"The Rat, the Cat, and Lovel the Dog,
Rule all England under the Hog.'*

The signs of different animals were made use of in former times, not only over the entrances of inns, but at the shops or warehouses of other traders. Roebuck, Peacock, Partridge, Swan, and other such surnames, may have thus had in strictness a local origin. But the vast number of names of birds, beasts, and fishes, which have been adopted as surnames, compels us to conclude that such narrow limits as heraldic charges and traders' signs could never have supplied the greater part of the class of names in question. We once knew Hawkes, a Hare, a Peacock, and a Partridge, all quietly dwelling in the same staircase, in Trinity College, Cambridge, where a Coote was at the same time an occasional visitor†; and we have been honoured by the friendship of a distinguished Whig whose mother was a Crowe, whose nieces were Sparrows, whose housekeeper was a Partridge, and whose cook was a Raven.

The same fondness for diminutives which is so strikingly manifested in our patronymics, is to be observed in these surnames derived from animals. When we find Lupus and Loup as surnames, they are accompanied by the diminutive Lupellus, Lupillon, Luvell, Lovett, and Luvetot. Probably the names Leverot and Leurot, are our modern Leveret. All these forms occur under King John and early in the reign of Henry III. Cucku, Eagle (Aquila), and Cockerel, are of equal antiquity.

In our own times, the diminutive Gosling is common, and even Goosey is more frequently met with than Goose, Graygoose, or Gander, which are all found. The ancient Cockerel is still preserved, and may now be compared with Duckerell, which is not so common, and has not been made so illustrious as the name of Drake. Goade and Goate are rare; as are the names of local origin Gatacre and Gatford. Kidd is common; Ram

The allusion to the names of Ratcliffe and Catesby is obvious; Lovel is said to have borne a Dog as his arms.

†The Hare was recently an Archdeacon, the Peacock is now a Dean, and on a recent occasion was an able Prolocutor, not of birds, in an Aristophanic Nephelococcygia, but of the Clergy in the Lower House of Convocation at Westminster. The Upper House was presided over by John Bird Sumner, Archbishop of Canterbury.

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and Tupp are rare; Sheep, as we believe, is not in use; but Sheepey, which, however, may be of local origin, is found, and Lamb is very common.

We find, before the end of the twelfth century, the following surnames: Mala-Musca, Muletus, Pejor-lupo, Oculus-canis; each of which clearly shows a comparison between the man who bears the name, and the creature whose name is borne. Mr. Kemble has pointed out Crow, and Duck, and Bug, thus used as occasional surnames in Anglo-Saxon times, Monkey (Singe), Calf (Veel), Malebisse and Malecat, are found at the end of the 12th century.

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The names of insects and reptiles, though not in great favour, are by no means rare as surnames. Among others we have Beetles and Worms, Bug, Crick and Cricket, Emmett, Bisse, Serpent, Newte and Blackadder. Mr. Serpent bears arms alluding to his name, 'or. three serpents vert, two and one.' So Newte uses a 'newte proper,' and Bisse, two serpents entwined 'looking at each other,' as a crest. Similarly Fox and Tod bear three foxes' heads erased;' and the Bull family (including Bulface, Bullhead, Bulkeley, Bullock, Vachell, and even Cowley) all bear the bull or some part of him. The Coote bears three cootes; the Corbet, three rooks;' the Heron, three herons;' and the Sparrow six sparrows.' Has Mr. Bugg the courage to bear his insect namesake on his arms? No, but he ventures on allusive arms. He bearsaz. three water bougets, or. two and one.' Some of our readers may not recognise these heraldic bougets. The word means water-bag, and may be nearly expressed in modern English by bucket. The etymology thus suggested for Bugg is not happy. "Tis as far-fetched as the etymology of Maynard, suggested by a noble Viscount's motto, Manus justa nardus, which is found under a shield bearing three hands. Maynard is an old Anglo-Saxon name, corresponding to the German Meinhart, and has nothing to do with either hand or ointment. Malmaynes is happier when he charges his heraldic shield with three sinister hands couped.

The etymological blunders and false suggestions, as to names, which occur in such canting arms, would fill a volume. Ayscough is made to bear three asses! and Pell and Pelham, pelicans! Starkie, a stork! and Beckford, a mere Saxon name like the preceding ones, uses as a crest a stork, holding a fish in his strong beak (bec fort!). Several persons of purely English names, Harris and Harrison, have borne as arms the hedgehog: alluding to the French hérisson, as if, forsooth, the name Harris and Harrison were of foreign, and not of English growth. Sir James Harris so boreaz. a chevron erminois between three