at 10 o'clock, and abandoned; and at noon a parliamento carried a flag of truce to Lord Albemarle's headquarters to propose a capitulation. On the 14th, being two months and eight days after the fleet's arrival, the British took formal possession of the Punta gate of the city and of all fortifications; and the British flag was hoisted over Havana. In consideration of the gallant defense of the Morro the Spanish troops were permitted to march out with arms, colors flying, drums beating, matches lighted, and all the honors of war. The total Spanish loss during the siege was 1,000 men; the British lost 1,790 men in all.

It is an interesting circumstance that among the British forces, men from England and from the American Colonies-Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York and New Jersey-who fought here together in the siege of Morro, were many who a few years later were to find themselves arrayed on opposing sides in the conflict of the American Revolution.

The Englishmen who reduced the Morro in 1762 were moved by the spirit which animated the Englishman who two centuries earlier had prompted its building. The expedition of Admiral Pocock and Lord Albemarle was for spoil; it was one of those enterprises of plunder and adventures of loot which are among the cogent arguments of war. In addition to 300 cannon, an extensive armament and an immense store of ammunition, the British spoil included nine warships, several merchant vessels and their cargoes, and large stores of tobacco and other commodities awaiting export, other articles and money—a total of £736,185. The money was not extorted without demur by the Spaniards. When Colonel Cleveland, the British officer in command of the artillery, made a demand on the Bishop requiring an accounting of the bells in the churches and convents and monasteries of Havana and other towns in the district and on the sugar plantations, and of all metal used in the making of such bells, that the value might be adjusted and the amount paid, according to the laws and customs of war when a city after a siege has surrendered by capitulation, to the commander of the artillery as a gratification-the Bishop offered $1,000. Colonel Cleveland demanded $30,000. An appeal by the Bishop to Lord Albemarle reduced it to $10,000. The Bishop pleaded poverty and took up a collection, which yielded $103. Colonel Cleveland then fixed a time when the money must be produced, and the Bishop paid the $10,000. It was then Lord Albemarle's turn. He wrote to the Bishop:

“Most Illustrious Sir: I am sorry to be under the necessity of writing to your Lordship what ought to have been thought of some days ago, viz., a donation from the church to the Commander-in-Chief of the victorious army. The least that your Lordship can offer will be $100,000. I wish to live in peace with your Lordship and the church, as I have shown in all that has hitherto occurred, and I hope that your Lordship will not give me reason to alter my intention. I kiss your

Lordship's hands. Your humble servant, ALBEMARLE. Havana, 19th
October, 1762."

To this new demand the Bishop demurred even more obstinately than before; and the money was forthcoming only after Lord Albemarle had issued a proclamation declaring that the conduct of the Bishop was seditious, and threatening to expel him from Cuba and send him to Florida on a British warship.

Lord Albemarle further exacted that one of the churches should be designated for the use of the troops for worship; and when the Bishop refused to name one, he selected that of San Francisco. The edifice was in consequence considered desecrated, and was devoted to secular purposes. It is now a customs warehouse.

The British standard waved over the Morro for a year, and then the fortress was restored to Spain. The joy of the Havanese was extreme when they saw the national banner floating once more from the ramparts and knew that their city was no longer sullied by the presence of the heretics. They attributed their deliverance to the intercession of Our Lady of the Rosary, for they saw something miraculous in the abandonment of a prize so rich and important. Annually, for a halfcentury afterward, on the 6th of July, they celebrated in the church of Santo Domingo the anniversary of their deliverance. A French traveler, present at this celebration in 1819, has recorded his surprise at the mildness of the fulminations from the pulpit against the British.

F

THE FORTIFICATION OF CABANA-or, to give it the full title, Castillo de San Carlos de la Cabaña-occupies an elevated site on the hill, which rises 100 feet almost abruptly from the water's edge across the harbor from Havana. The route is by the harbor boats from Caballeria or Machina wharf or the Punta landing. The fare is 10 cents each way. The steep ascent from the shore and the long walk through the fortification are likely to be fatiguing for a woman.

The harbor frontage is practically a continuous wall extending along the crest of the hill. The landward side has three pronounced bastions, and is protected by ditches 40 feet deep. The principal entrance is on this front. A drawbridge, which may be raised by the heavy chains, leads across the ditch to the sallyport. The legend above the entrance sets forth that the work was begun during the reign of Carlos III., in the year 1763, and was completed in 1774. The escutcheon displays the castles and dragons of the Arms of Spain, with crown, and necklace of the Golden Fleece. From the entablature grin two grotesques, hideous and repulsive, fit genii of the place.

Entering through the vaulted hall, we come shortly to the Laurel Ditch-Los Fosos de los Laureles-so named from the laurel trees which grow here. This was the place of execution of insurgents and political prisoners during the Cuban revolution. In those days, persons who took part in the revolution, or who were merely suspected, whether rightly or wrongly, of sympathy with the cause, were arbitrarily arrested by order of the Captain-General, and sent to Morro or Cabaña, where they were shut up incomunicado-that is, without communication with friends or counsel-and by like arbitrary decree they were held in the dungeons or sent to Africa or sentenced to death here. Their fate, in any event, might be unknown to their families and friends. Scores were killed in the Laurel Ditch. The victim, kneeling, with face to the wall, was shot by a file of Spanish soldiers, who came out from

the interior of Cabaña for the purpose. The line marked by the bullets in the wall is traceable for 85 feet; it was called by the significant name of "the deadline." A bronze memorial, provided by popular subscription, has been set in the wall to commemorate the martyrdom of those who died here in the cause of Cuba Libre. The design represents an angelic messenger receiving the soul of the dying patriot.

Within the fortification we find ourselves in a vast labyrinth of windings and turnings, ascents and descents, through narrow, high-walled passages and vaulted halls, covered ways, courts, barracks, prisons, officers' quarters and chapel; tree-lined roads and drill grounds; rampart, parapet and terreplein, one beyond another and the whole seemingly interminable. We get an impression of vastness and dreariness,