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The best missionary educational endeavor among the Freedmen was noted for its deeply religious tone and flavor.

It is also a striking fact that the Negro men and women who have done an dare doing the most effective work for the real solid betterment of their race are those men and women who were fashioned in such a forge and such a heat.

There has sometimes been occasion for disappointment on account of the apparent absence of such mettle and temper in many of our race men and women of more recent years whose training has been in an academic atmosphere that has aparently progressed away from the Puritan type,

IN

or if the atmosphere is still typical, for some reason it has not seemed to

function in its relation to the Negro collegian.

It has been noted that often he returns to his peculiar field with little or none of that old-time subordina

tion of self, with little or none of the

characteristic set forth by Paul in
Romans 12: 10, expressed in the
phrase, "in honor preferring one an
other"; which I think was the major

characteristic of those immortals who
carried the chief responsibility in
Negro education in the two or three
ately following the Civil War.
trying but pregnant decades immedi-

May we not hope that progress, the highest academic progress if you please, may not be incompatible with such an inheritance, an inheritance which shall be true to that missionary type, that educational type which shall best and most gratefully memorialize the work and sacrifice of those Northern white friends who lived and wrought among us as men and women sent from God, some of whom freely laid down their lives.

In our day of progress and promise and new friends, and of our ability to help ourselves, God forbid that we should ever forget these noble friends.

HOW IT IS DONE IN CLEVELAND
Rev. Ferdinand Q. Blanchard, D.D.

A splendid record and example for other ctites.--Ediior.

N the autumn of 1917, the city of Cleveland, found itself facing an acute situation in the growing number of Negroes coming to the city. The movement North had been started in Cleveland, as in other places, by the direct effort of industrial organizations which required more help, but the large opportunites which were open to unskilled labor vastly accelerated the tide of black labor until all the usual conditions of an unexpected congestion in population had come into existence. This was aggravated also, of course, by the racial antagonism between black and white.

But Cleveland has always been foremost in its methods of co-operative action. Here was formed the first effective, efficient local Federation of Churches, and here, also, was the pioneer movement for a complete an successful federation of all the philanthropic and charitable organizations of city life. It was, therefore, possible for Cleveland to meet its Negro congestion with the help of a fully organized social spirit. The Cleveland Welfare Association undertook to deal with the situation. At first this was done unofficially, and a secretary of the Federation took the

initiative simply as one interested to meet a crying need of the city's life. A group of white and colored citizens was formed and steps were taken with the assurance that the resources if the city could be relied upon to do what conditions required. A secretary for the movement was found through the URBAN LEAGUE and the Cleveland Negro Welfare Association was duly organized. Its governing board is made up, as already said, of white and colored men and women. It has become a constituent part of the Welfare Federation of the city and thus guided and sponsored, it has been able to claim financial support from the city's war funds and to be recognized as the natural agency through which officials in all welfare work would naturally deal with the Negro life in Cleveland.

The secretary who was chosen, has proved himself capable and efficient. He was called upon to co-operate in such movements as the study of the housing situation of the Negroes in Cleveland; the raising of the Liberty Loans and Victory Chest Funds, and he has commended himself at every turn to those who have had in charge either as public officials or as volunteers, in any community service. More specifically the following definite achievements have followed the organization of the Association.

A committee of Big Brothers formed to work for a decrease of delinquency through helpful advice and timely suggestions, and to assist to norrual life discharged prisoners on probation or parole.

HOME ECONOMICS

Volunteer home visitors have es

tablished contact with the homes of many families and organized clubs to promote thrift and economy, sanitation and cleanliness in the home, arrangement of household furnishing and household duties and to prevent exploitation by installment-plan sellers of household goods and clothes, and to Clevelandize the new comers by acquainting them with the Cleveland spirit and methods of living.

SURVEYS---INVESTIGATIONS

They made a survey of church conditions among colored people; and recommendations based on the findings made to the comity committee of the Federated Churches of Cleveland and the Baptist City Mission Society, are being put into effect. This will tend to strengthen the worthy weak churches and reduce the number of struggling congregations poorly located in store fronts, by merging them into a few strong churches properly located, and to prevent successful soliciting for church enterprises except by accredited institutions, and make for the formulation of such a program of church activities by the established churches as will provide greater oportunity for religious activities to new-comers and more social work among the young people.

They made a survey of the recreational facilities used by colored people of Cleveland and urged them to make greater use of those which promote their health and happiness, and co-operated with the Chamber of Commerce in conducting a housing survey of the district bounded by East 55th & 9th, Cedar and Woodland including Holyoke and Orange.

In co-operation with the Nurse Association they investigated the homes where day nursery care is given colored children.

They investigated colored institutions and individuals seeking endorsements of the Welfare Federation of Cleveland and of the Chamber of Commerce.

They investigated three foreign corporations selling lots to colored people so as to prevent them being exploited.

They investigated and reported to the authorities localitie swhere extra police vigilance was necessary to protect colored citizens and prevent racial clash.

RECREATION

They conducted community dancing, singing and athletic activities at the Kennard school building.

They secured the establishment of the Cleveland Community Center to provide for soldiers and other young men recreational and other helpful activities as were provided by army welfare agencies.

Three hundred and eleven men have been given home care and protection, employment and adjustment through the Center which is the headquarters for the activities of a number of clubs and organizations.

CO-OPERATION

Efforts made to correlate the work of various Negro organizations so as to promote their efficiency, and special lines of needed welfare work which they might do pointed out, and plans suggested by which they may co-ordinate their efforts in this work. Co-operated with the American Red Cross and other interested agencies in caring for and readjusting to civilian life the colored soldiers.

Co-operated with the United States Employment Bureau is furnishing employment to colored people.

Co-operated with the United States Home Registration Service in directing applicants to approved furnished rooms and vacant houses.

Conferred with agencies and individuals to secure recognition of colored citizens in all matters effecting the civic, moral and industrial development of Cleveland.

Organized and conducted in the 11th Ward the Red Cross Christmas

Roll Call Campaign for membership and the campaigns for sale of the Fourth Liberty Loan and the Victory

Loan.

They have handled 1047 cases mainly from newcomers who did not know of other agenices to help them. These cases were referred to such agencies as exist, and where there was no such agency the Association has made the proper adjustment.

Co-operated with welfare agencies and institutions of the city in handling cases in which Negroes were involved.

Obtained the appointment of a

as

colored Red Cross Home Visitor, the appointment of a colored woman Probation Worker, and one as a Travelers Aid Worker.

INFORMATION and ADVICE Conducted a bureau to furnish exact data and advice to those who in

quire for a true knowledge of the conditions under which Negroes are forced to live and work, with facts relative to this group.

Made our office a Bureau of Information and assistance for newcomers from the South, serving them when they needed jobs, homes, friends, assistance, advice, encouragement or adjustments of any sort.

We have emphasized the Cleveland way, i. e., the necessity for thrift, cleanliness, integrity, economy, proper dress and correct deportment

INDUSTRIAL

They secured introduction of colored men and women in 42 places of employment hither-to closed to them.

Placed 3,897 persons in jobs.

Placed three men as welfare workers in industrial plants.

Held shop meetings and group meetings of industrial workers to stabilize labor and increase its efficiency.

Investigated extent of employment and efficiency of service of colored men in industry in Cleveland as a basis for practical work.

Formed an organization of colored trial plants to discuss matters of muforemen and key-men in large indusdustrial unrest tual interest and to work to allay industrial unrest and reduce laborturnover.

Adjudicated differences between employer and employee and settled one

strike.

Conferred with employers in effort to secure new opportunities in industry for colored people.

HOUSING

They conducted a Room Registration Bureau which supplied 358 persons with well furnished inspected rooms in approved surroundings.

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HIS university was first made famous by the jubilee songs (the plantation melodies) which were introduced to the world through the original jubilee singers. To those who have not carefully followed the fortunes of the school, it remains celebrated for having introduced to the public the inimitable folk song of the American Negro, but to the careful student of educational institutions Fisk University bids fair to lift itself out of the ranks of merely famous or celebrated schools and to enter a class of colleges that are eminent because they maintain standards of education that are relatively of the highest type and which they are ever consciously striving to raise.

Fisk University was founded in October, 1865, under the auspices of the

American Missionary Association aided by the Western Freedmen's Aid Commission. The school was opened for students in January, 1866, in the United States army barracks. With a university name, it was not a university nor a college,; but the name was prophetic. In recent years, the institution assumed independence under the direction of trustees, though it retains a close filial relationship through trustees with the American Missionary Association. At the beginning, it was the distinct purpose to establish for the colored people of the South an institution that should adequately provide for them the advantages of Christian education to whatever extent the capacity of the race should in the future demand. This distinctly announced purpose has been ever held to since. To found a gen

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uine co-educational college and to with students. There are 264 in the thoroughly establish among the colored people the conviction of the absolute necessity of patient, long continued, exact, severe and comprehensive work in education in preparation for large responsibilities in life was declared to be its true mission. Solid, radical and permanent results have been sought in all the courses of college study, ever looking forward to the full reality of the university name. Fisk is a school of possibilities to widen the intellectual horizon more and more, and not only to discipline the mind, but also to cultivate it.

Nashville, the home of the university, a beautiful city in the old state of Tennessee, is proud of its history, and is loyal to its institutions. So central is it to the field served by the university that 48 per cent of the nine million colored people in the South are within twelve hours of Fisk by train. Indeed, the geographical centre of Negro population in the United States is within 125 miles of Nashville. It is not singular, therefore, that Fisk is now overcrowded

strictly college department. Three
hundred students who applied could
rot be admitted for lack of room. Our
effort is to give the best of education
both through the organization of the
work and the time of the university
for the best achievement of the stu-
dent. The school runs throughout the
year, the time being divided into four
terms of twelve weeks each. The stu-
dent as a rule concentrates upon
three subjects at a time, reciting in
each subject five times a week. Two
hours of study at least are expected
for each hour of recitation.
health of the student, careful train-
ing in hygiene is given, and physical
exercises and recreation are required
six days in a week through the
Sophomore year. It is an earnest,
strenuous life and is intended for
those who sincerely wish a thorough
education which will prepare them for
all the demands of educative life any-
where. In the purpose to be honest
with the students, they are classified
and reclassified until they are where
they can do what is to their best pos-

For the

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