Note 19. Paragraphs 17 and 18 constitute a fine defence of the forms of politeness and cultivated manners. Suggestion 28. Repeat Emerson's definition of a real gentleman. What does he mean by insight, and what does he say of it? Note the distinction between a false gentleman and a true one. Paraphrase, What if the false gentleman almost bows the true out of the world. Reproduce the distinction drawn between God's gentleman and Fashion's. What is the topic discussed in paragraph 20? What is the topic sentence? (I esteem it, etc.) Show that the paragraph is not a digression. c. Conclusion.

(1) Paragraphs 21-23.

(a) Without the rich heart wealth is an ugly
beggar.

Suggestion 29. Relate the anecdote which closes the essay.
What assertion does it illustrate?

C. SECOND READING (For the Three Essays).

PASSAGES TO REMEMBER: POINTS FOR SPECIAL STUDY; LITERARY CRITICISM.

I. PASSAGES TO REMEMBER.

Suggestion 30. Put into your own words the truth which each one teaches.

1. Our popular theology has gained in decorum, and not in principle, over the superstitions it has displaced.

2.

The soul says, "Eat"; the body would feast.

3. Drive out nature with a fork, she comes running back. In nature nothing can be given, all things are sold.

5.

A man often pays dear for a small frugality.

6. We are idolaters of the old.

7. In every work of genius we recognize our rejected thoughts.

8. Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist.

9.

Do your work, and I shall know you.

10. The voyage of the best ship is a zigzag line of a hundred

tacks.

11. Let a man know his worth and keep things under his

feet.

12. The rulers of society must be up to the work of the world, and equal to their versatile office.

II. FOR SPECIAL STUDY.

Suggestion 31. Explain or identify each. State the point which each is used to illustrate.

1. Errors of the planets. 2. Prometheus knows one secret which Jove must bargain for. 3. The ancient doctrine of Nemesis. 4. Thread ball. 4. Thread ball. 5. The obscene bird. 6. The emerald of Polycrates. 7. The banian of the forest. 8. Barbadoes. 9. Galileo was misunderstood. 10. Without parallax. 11. Antinomianism. Vatican. 13. The colossal chisel of Phidias 14. The Whigs of Maine. 15. Circe's horned company.

III. THE LITERARY STYLE OF THE ESSAYS.

1. Quoted Criticisms.

12.

a. Emerson's vocabulary is drawn both from literature and from life and has a wide range. It is finely compounded of the Latin and the Anglo-Saxon elements. His words are learned or homely and realistic as best befits his thought.

Suggestion 32. Mention examples of each point mentioned above.

b. Emerson's sentences are generally short (style coupé). The principal figures of speech employed by this author are: (1) antithesis, (2) metaphor, and (3) simile. The first figure is specially characteristic of Emerson. He employs figures of speech not as mere ornaments; he inlays them in the organic structure of the thought-Swinton's "Studies in English."

c. It is characteristic of Emerson that he says one thing at one time and a quite different thing at another time. (Compare Self-Reliance and Manners). He not only acknowledges this fact, but justifies it in his essay on Self Reliance.

d. Quaint, keen, homely good sense is one of the marked characteristics of Emerson's work.

e. Emerson did not arrive at truth by subtle reasoning, but simply gave forth, in the tersest form, the ideas as they came to him.

D. SUPPLEMENTARY WORK.

TEST QUESTIONS: THEME SUBJECTS.

I. TEST QUESTIONS.

1. State the important facts in the life of Ralph Waldo Emerson. State some of the teachings of his system of philosophy. Describe that portion of his career connected with his ministerial work and his theological beliefs.

2. Describe the Transcendental Movement in New England. What connection has Emerson with this subject?

3. Give the derivation of the word Compensation and explain the metaphor which is the foundation of the word. Enumerate the documents from which Emerson draws his doctrine of compensation.

4. For everything you gain you lose something. Show that this is true and prove that the gain and loss are not evenly balanced.

5. In the essay on Self Reliance, the apparent teaching is that we should draw neither help nor inspiration from the experiences and teachings of the Past. Show that this is not

true philosophy.

6. Complete the following assertions: The true doctrine of omnipresence.... Treat men as pawns and ninepins.... A man is relieved and gay.. Manners aim to.... Defect in manners is.... The secret of success in society..

...

7. In Compensation, Emerson says, This law of laws which the pulpit, the senate, and the college deny. What does he mean by that assertion? Finish the sentence.

What does the essay on Compensation designate as the one base thing in the universe? In Self Reliance, what does Emerson designate as the whole distinction between greatness and meanness?

9. According to the teaching of the essay on Self Reliance, what are the consequences of nonconformity? Give Emerson's definition of Instinct.

10. Reproduce the explanation of There are two confessionals, etc. To what extent do you agree with Emerson's teaching in regard to Prayer. What is his definition of the word?

11. Enumerate the qualities which make up the Emersonian ideal of good manners. Give in one sentence Emerson's definition of a gentleman.

12. Show from the essay and from your own experience that good manners are an absolute necessity; that they are natural, not artificial; that they may be acquired by everyone in any station of life.

13. Put into a few words Emerson's doctrine of Self Reliance. How far do you agree with him?

14. What does Emerson say about the influence of woman in society? In what connection does he take up this subject.? 15. Of the three essays studied, which one appeals most to you? Give reasons for your answer.

4.

5.

The harm of the improved machinery may compensate its good.

Manners aim to facilitate life.

6. Fashion, a Symbolic Institution.

7.

The Captivity of Etiquette.

8. Good Manners.

10.

Bad Manners hinder Fellowship.

God's Gentleman and Fashion's Gentleman.

11. To be Great is to be Misunderstood.

12. "For manners are not idle, but the fruit Of loyal nature, and of noble mind."

The Freshman Problem

ALMA PASCHALL, CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL, AKRON, OHIO.

A

T the beginning of a new school term the teacher of the Freshman class sees before him a group of from twenty to fifty pupils, who, at first glance, seem but slightly differentiated from each other. This sameness lasts but a brief period, the group breaking up into those who are quick to comprehend and respond to a new environment, and those who are overcome by new surroundings. The former class may be trusted to develop more or less by themselves. Their natural quickness will enable them to master the intricacies of system, the difficulties of an entire change of work, and in all probability they will remain in school. These are not the ones who constitute the teacher's problem, but the other group-not the "submerged tenth," but the "submerged half" of High School Freshmen.

If left to themselves, these pupils soon sink under a load of discouragement, leave school, and drift out into life to swell the vast army of incompetents. What is to be done by the Freshman teacher to hold these pupils in line until the critical first year is safely passed?

To begin with, any wise superintendent will place sympathetic, broad-minded teachers in this critical position, for nowhere does personality count for more.

Even a sympathetic teacher, however, must have some definite knowledge of the pupils to begin with, for sympathy involves understanding. There are many ways in which this understanding may be obtained. One helpful thing is the early writing of autobiographies. A child with a pen in his hand frankly reveals himself.

Bits like this give a teacher an insight into a pupil's character: "One day, in a fit of temper, I threatened my brother with a hatchet." "I was always a restless child, liking to run away