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The Ojibways inhabit the head-waters of the Mississippi, Ottertail and Leach, De Corbeau and Red Rivers, and Winnipeg Lake. They are a powerful tribe, almost equaling the Dahkotahs in numbers: they speak a copious language, and are of low stature and coarse features. The women have an awkward side-at-a-time gait; which proceeds from their being 'accustomed, nine months of the year, to wear snow-shoes, and drag sledges of a weight from two hundred to four hundred pounds. No people are more attentive to comfort in dress than the Ojibways. It is composed of deer and fawn-skins, dressed with the hair on for winter, and without the hair for summer wear.

They are superstitious in the extreme. Almost every action of their lives is influenced by some whimsical notion. They believe in the existence of a good and an evil spirit, that rule, in their several departments, over the fortunes of men; and in a state of future rewards and punishments."

EFFECT OF THE CLIMATE OF MINNESOTA ON LUNG DISEASES.

[From the Letters of the Rev. Dr. Horace Bushnell.]

I went to Minnesota early in July, and remained there until the latter part of the May following. I had spent a winter in Cuba without benefit. I had spent also nearly a year in California, making a gain in the dry season, and a partial loss in the wet season, returning, however, sufficiently improved to resume my labors. Breaking down again from this only partial recovery, I made the experiment now of Minnesota; and submitting myself, on returning, to a very rigid examination, by a physician who did not know at all what verdict had been passed by other physicians before, he said, in accordance with their opinion, "You have had a difficulty in the right lung, but it is healed." I had suspected from my symptoms that it might be so, and the fact appears to be confirmed by the further fact that I have been slowly, though irregularly gaining all the summer.

This improvement, or partial recovery, I attribute to the climate of Minnesota. But not to this alone-other things have concurred. First, I had a naturally firm, enduring constitution, which had only given way under excessive burdens of labor, and had no vestige of hereditary disease upon it. Secondly, I had all my burdens thrown off, and a state of complete, uncaring rest. Thirdly, I was in such vigor as to be out in the open air, on horseback and otherwise, a good part of the time. It does not follow, by any means, that one who is dying under hereditary consumption, or one who is too far gone to have any power of endurance, or spring of recuperative energy left, will be recovered in the same manner.

man.

A great many such go there to die, and some to be partially recovered and then die: for I knew of two young men, so far recovered as to think themselves well, or nearly so, who by overviolent exertion brought on a recurrence of bleeding, and died, one of them almost instantly, and the other in about twenty-four hours; both in the same week. The general opinion seemed to be that the result was attributable, in part, to the overtonic property of the atmosphere. And I have known of very remarkable cases of recovery there which had seemed to be hopeless. One of a gentleman who was carried ashore on a litter, and became a robust, hearty Another who told me that he had even coughed up bits of his lung, of the. size of a walnut, and was then, seven or eight months after, a perfectly soundlooking, well-set man, with no cough at all. I fell in with somebody every few days who had come there and been restored; and with multitudes of others whose disease had been arrested, so as to allow the prosecution of business, and whose lease of life, as they had no doubt, was much lengthened by their migration to that region of the country. Of course it will be understood that a great many are sadly disappointed in going thither, and that as the number of consumptives making the trial increases, the funerals of the consumptive strangers are becoming sadly frequent.

The peculiar benefit of this climate appears to be from its dryness. There is as much, or even a little more of rain there than elsewhere, in the summer months; but it comes more generally in the night, and the days that follow brighten out in a fresh, tonic brilliancy, as dry almost as before. The winter climate The winter climate is intensely

cold, and yet so dry, and clear, and still, for the most part, as to create no very great suffering. One who is properly dressed finds the climate much more enjoyable than the amphibious, half-fluid, half-solid, sloppy, grave-like chill of the east. The snows are light; a kind of snow-dew that makes an inch, or sometimes three, in a night. Real snow-storms are rare; there were none the last winter. A little more snow to make better sleighing would be an improvement. As to rain in the winter, it is almost unknown. There was no drop of rain the last winter, from the latter part of October to the middle, or about the middle of March, except a slight drizzle on thanksgiving day. And there was not snow melting enough for more than about eight or ten days to wet a deerskin moccasin (which many gentlemen wear all the winter). The following statement will show the comparative rain-fall, whether in the shape of rain or snow, for three different points, that may be taken to represent the whole country; being on the two coasts, and St. Paul in the middle of the continent: San Francisco, spring, 8 inches; summer, 0; autumn, 3; winter, 10; mean, 21. St. Paul, spring, 6 inches; summer, 12; autumn, 6; winter, 2; mean, 26. Hartford, spring, 10 inches; summer, 11; autumn, 10; winter, 10; mean, 41.

The San Francisco climate stands first, here, in dryness, it will be observed; but it requires to be noted, in the comparison, that while there is no rain-fall there for a whole six months, there is yet a heavy sea fog rolling in every day, which makes the St. Paul climate really the driest of the two. The beautiful inversion, too, of the California water-season, at St. Paul, will be noticed; the water falling here in the summer, when it is wanted, and ceasing in the winter, when it is not

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Identification of Indian Murderers Murderers in Minnesota, by a Boy Survivor of the Massacre.

THE TIMES

OF

THE REBELLION

IN

MINNESOTA.

THIS new state of the far north was early in sending her regiments to the field. Her 1st regiment was in that opening battle of unfortunate issue, the battle of Manassas, in July, 1861. Her 2d regiment in the succeeding January, was at the battle of Mill Springs, Ky., where the union troops made the first bayonet charge of the war.

Small in population, yet MINNESOTA contributed 20,000 soldiers to the union army. But the rebellion had been in operation a little more than a year, when her own soil became the theater of most horrible tragedies, the suppression of which, for a time, absorbed all her energies. The times of the rebellion, therefore, was, in Minnesota, also, the times of the bloody scenes of savage barbarity known as

THE SIOUX WAR.

The most awful visitation of savage warfare that ever occurred to any community since the first settlement of this continent befel Minnisota, in August, 1862, under the leadership of Little Crow, the Sioux chief. Sunday, the 7th, the massacre began by the murder of six persons, at Acton, Messler county. The next (Monday) morning, occurred the horrible butchery at the lower Sioux agency. Some fugitives, at about 9 o'clock, a. M., carried the tidings to Fort Ridgley, twelve miles distant. Forty-six men, more than half of its little garrison, under Captain Marsh, started across the country to the scene of blood. At the lower-agency ferry they fell into an ambush; when the captain and a large part of his men, after a desperate battle, were slain. On Wednesday, the savages laid seige to the fort, which continued for several days.

In it were several pieces of artillery, and which, being well-served, the enemy were at last obliged to retreat. The German town of New Ulm, eighteen miles southwest of the fort, was attacked, and one hundred and ninety-two houses burnt. The defense was most heroic. The defenders were reinforced by armed bands from Mankato, La Seur and other points. These constructed rude barricades around a few of the buildings in the center of the village, and eventually suc

ceeded in driving the enemy from the place: but all outside had been laid in ashes. New Ulm, a few days before, was a beautiful town of nearly 2,000 inhabitants. Its main street ran parallel with the river for one and a half miles; the dwellings, the homes of comfort and happiness. In a few short hours, it was all one mass of ruins, only a small cluster of buildings remaining of what had been a smiling, peaceful village. Fort Abercrombie and other points were attacked by the enemy. Off from the villages, among the farmers, the brutal savages had unobstructed scope for their cruelty. The country visited by them was studded with the homesteads of that most amiable of people, German emigrants, who were the greatest sufferers.

No language can express the fiendish outrages perpetrated during this saturnalia of savage cruelty. "Not less than two thousand men, women and children, were indiscriminately murdered and tortured to death, and barbarities of the most hellish magnitude committed. Massacre itself had been mercy, if it could have purchased exemption from the revolting circumstances with which it was accompanied; the torture of unborn infants torn from their bleeding mothers, and cast upon their breasts; rape and violence of even young girls till death closed the horrid scene of suffering and shame. The theater of depredations extended from Otter-tail Lake and Fort Abercrombie, on the Red river, to the Iowa boundery, over a front of 200 miles, and from the western boundery of the state, eastwardly, to its heart, at Forest City; an area of 20,000 square miles. Eighteen counties were depopulated; 30,000 people driven from their homes, and millions, in value, destroyed.."

"The parts visited by the Indians was one common scene of ruin and devastation; but very few houses left standing, and those sacked of everything worth the trouble to steal or effort to destroy-every bed and mattrass, every blanket, spread and sheet, every article of wardrobe taken, every trunk broken open and spoiled, every article of provision carried off, every horse driven away, nearly every house burned with everything in it, and hundreds of families murdered or driven into a captivity worse than death.

Hardly a harvest finished, the grain uncut, the reaper standing where the horses were taken off in fright, or by the Indians; unbound, the rake lying on the gravel; unshocked, unstacked, every harvest-field trodden under foot, and every corn-field ravaged by herds of cattle howling for food, where no hand was left to give.

"The outraged inhabitants who escaped, wandered over the prairies, enduring hardships, trials and sufferings next only to death itself. One little boy, Burton Eastlick, less than ten years of age, alternately carried and led by the hand, a younger brother of five, taking every precaution to avoid being seen for eighty miles to Fort Ridgely, and safely arrived there with him. A woman with her three children escaped from her home with barely their lives. The youngest, an infant, she carried in her arms; the other two girls walked and ran painfully along by her side, through the tangled brush and briar vines. They lived on wild plums and berries, and when these were gone by the frost, on grape-tendrils and roots. They coverted like a brood of partridges, trembling, starving, nearly dead. The infant died. The mother laid its body under a plum-bush; scraped together a heap of dried leaves and covered it; placed a few sticks over them to prevent the rude winds from blowing them away; then, looking hastily around again, fled with her remaining ones. It was seven weeks ere they were found and rescued. Some of less nerve completely lost their minds by the first fright, and wandered about demented through the thickets until found.'

A military force was hastily set on foot by the state authorities and placed under command of General Sibley, who checked the massacre, rescued the white prisoners-all of whom were women and childrenand, having beaten the Indians in two battles, at Birch Coolie and Wood Lake, captured 2,000 of them, the rest being scattered as fugi

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