hereby appeals to all who may be interested to subscribe to this fund.

"It is the intention of the committee to raise an endowment of $100,000, the income of which is to be applied by the Board of Directors of the University toward the maintenance of this chair.

"Mr. Louis Kuhn, of S. Kuhn & Sons, Bankers, has kindly consented to act as Treasurer. "N. P. DANDRIDGE, M.D., Chairman, "C. R. HOLMES, M.D., "S. P. KRAMER, M.D., "E. W. MITCHELL, M.D., "MAX KOEHLER, M.D., "ALFRED FRIEDLANDER, M.D., Secretary, "Committee."

The idea of such a memorial was a most happy one, for nothing could be more appropriate than to perpetuate Dr. Eichberg's memory by so useful an endowment-an honor which he richly deserved by his learning and prominence as a physician, and whose death by drowning last summer was such a terrible shock to this community.

The appeal made by this committee should meet with a generous response by all the doctor's friends and acquaintances.

It should appeal to every friend of the University and every one interested in the advance of medical education in this city; for nothing could be of greater service to both than the proper endowment of so important a chair. If successful, this movement will prove the first fruits of the union of the two colleges in the University, showing what can be accomplished by the united strength of both appealing to the community for support.

The physicians of this city cannot, of course, be expected to contribute but a small part of the hundred thousand dollars it is hoped to raise. They can and should show their personal interest by giving what they are able. A general and generous response by the doctors will help greatly in securing the interest of the rich men of Cincinnati.

The medical colleges of Cincinnati have never attempted to secure any endowment, and have never received any outside aid. If the Medical Department of the University is to take any position among the medical colleges of the country it must have much larger resources than the simple fees of the students. For these resources they must look to the community at large, and no appeal should be stronger to our rich men than the one now made-to assist the University, to advance medical education, and to honor one whose life makes him fully worthy of this distinction. In Boston, the citizens have recently endowed the John Homas Professorship of Surgery, which is now occupied by Maurice Richardson. Let us have the Joseph Eichberg Professorship of Physiology.

A Tribute to the Memory of Dr. James C. Culbertson.

The Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Commandery of the State of Ohio, has just published the report of the committee appointed to prepare a tribute to the memory of the late Dr. James Coe Culbertson, for many years editor of the LANCET-CLINIC. Dr. Culbertson was elected a member of the First Class of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, through the Commandery of Ohio, November 6, 1895, a deserved recognition of the grand old soldier and patriotic citizen. Although pre-eminent as a writer and author, having written such a classic as "Luke, the Beloved Physician," and other monographs and studies, and with his facile pen winning him recognition as an editor of force and brilliancy, he desired most to be remembered as a soldier and as a member of the Loyal Legion. It is hence fitting that the committee appointed for the purpose should have laid special stress upon his services in the cause of his country when his country needed his services most. The following is the text of the committee's report, and is an eloquent tribute to Dr. Culbertson. May each word assist still further in enshrining his memory in the hearts of his numerous friends and acquaintances.

When Fort Sumter was fired on April 12, 1861, there was a prompt response to the call to arms from thousands of young men who were then students in various literary, technical and medical schools of the country. Professional careers were thrown aside and ignored in the feeling of patriotism which filled the hearts of these young men. Their country first and an education afterwards, was the feeling which inspired them. Dr. James Coe Culbertson was one of these patriotic young men. When the war broke out he was a medical student in Cincinnati, but he enlisted as a private in Company D, 5th O. V. I., April 19, 1861. Soon after his regiment entered West Virginia he was detailed to act as assistant surgeon by Col. Dunning. He served in that capacity until November, 1861, when he was ordered to Romney, Va., December 5 to Wheeling, W. Va., to act as hospital steward; April, 1862, to Cumberland, Md., and placed in charge of medical stores at that point. September 18, 1862, mustered in as hospital steward, U.S.A. In October, 1862, was ordered to Washington for duty in Emory General Hospital. He remained there until October, 1863, when he was ordered to the Marine Hospital, Cincinnati. In February, 1864, he was discharged on certificate of disability, resulting from an attack of typhoid fever. In May, 1864, was commissioned assistant surgeon 137th O. V. I., with which command he served in charge of the post hospital at Fort McHenry until mustered out, on expiration of term of service of the regiment.

In the autumn of 1865 Dr. Culbertson passed a competitive examination and was admitted as an assistant in Bellevue Hospital, New York. While there he attended lectures in Bellevue

Hospital Medical College, and received the degree of Doctor of Medicine in March, 1865. In the fall of the same year he began the practice of medicine in Cincinnati. During his long and useful career in our city he was better known as an editor than as a practitioner. In 1873 he purchased the Lancet and Observer, a monthly journal owned by Dr. E. B. Stevens. In 1878 he purchased the Clinic, a young weekly medical journal founded by one of our companions, the late Dr. J. T. Whittaker. The merger of the two journals was called the LANCET AND CLINIC, and as such it still exists. As editor he achieved marked success. It was his ambition to publish a weekly medical journal, and his opportunity had come. Under his care the LANCET AND CLINIC grew in strength and influence, and became a financial as well as literary success. His editorials were strong and vigorous, but characterized by a spirit of fairness on disputed questions. He had broad views of the function of a medical journal, and advocated measures to improve the health as well as the morals of the community. As a member of the Board of Education he was particularly interested in the education of the children who live in the densely settled portions of our city. His efforts for better education were not limited to the public schools. The University of Cincinnati owes him a debt of gratitude for his work in its behalf. It could not expand, located as it was on the side hill on McMicken Ave. It needed room. In May, 1889, Dr. Culbertson, then a member of the Council, introduced an ordinance for the occupancy of sixty acres of Burnet Woods for university purposes. He advocated the passage with great vigor and wrote numerous editorials in its behalf. The ordinance passed in September of the same year. In 1891 he was called to Chicago to edit the Journal of the American Medical Association, a position which he held for about two years.

From 1893 until it closed its doors he was professor of the principles and practice of medicine in the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery.

In appreciation of his literary work the American Social Science Association elected him a member, an honor which he highly prized. All in all, Dr. Culbertson lived a very useful and successful life, a good soldier, a good citizen, a devoted member and elder of the Presbyterian church.

Dr. Culbertson was born December 19, 1840, at Miami, O., and died June 4, 1908, at Cincinnati.

He was married three times. His wife and three children survive him, Rev. Henry C. Culbertson, Mr. James C. Culbertson, and his daughter, Mrs. John Wheeler.

STEPHEN C. AYRES, CHARLES L. BONIFIELD, BYRON STANTON.

Committee.

THERE are two evils which have no cure, and which in the present state of social dishonesty are as irremediable as they are unfortunate; they are that, even the most enlightened give their assent to a probable falsehood rather than to an improbable truth, and bestow their esteem upon those who have a reputation in preference to those who only deserve it.-New York State Journal of Medicine.

Correspondence.

DANTE: PHYSICIAN.

CINCINNATI, O., October 20, 1903.

EDITOR LANCET-CLINIC:

"They say that he has genius. I but see That he gets wisdom as the flower gets hue, While others hive it like the toiling bee; That with him all things beautiful keep new."

It is a most pleasant thing to find the delightful literary analysis made by our own talented Drury of Dante as physician. It requires patience, close study and a keen perception of the eternal fitnesses of the application of poetical construction to light up the meaning of certain given passages as applied to science or art. Medicine is found in almost all the poets. The medicine of Shakespeare, for instance, is unusually clear when divested of the poetic metaphor with which such great works abound. The medicine of Rabelais is, of course, unbounded, for he was a physician himself and his works are full of erudite allusions. The greatest of all works, as yet unfinished, the medicine of the "Arabian Nights," that is now running in a Paris edition, will form a library of at least twenty-four volumes of 650 to 800 pages. Therein will be found the almost complete works of Rhazes and Avicenna, in fact, all the old Arabian school of medicine. But such work is far less difficult to handle from a literary and artistic standpoint than the "Dante: Physician," so beautifully and tenderly treated by Dr. Drury. One goes back to the old school of Salerno, the school of Master Dante. This old university existed from 1078 to 1811. The story that Homer and his friend Plato visited this school as students is probably mythical, but this is a digression. Salerno still stands on

"Those wave-kissed shores where Sorrento's

sea

Rolls its blue waves, near the gold orange tree."

We once translated and ran through THE LANCET-CLINIC Dr. Georges Becarius' masterly essay on the oldest university in Europe. We like to encourage such work in a medical journal, hence desire to pay this little tribute of regard to Dr. Drury, one of the most charming. writers in our local profession. It is to be trusted that the Drury essay be reprinted, for it is worth keeping as a notable library gem aside from its professional interest. T. C. M.

THE most valuable general remedy in the treatment of diseases of women is rest.

PARIS LETTER.

PARIS, September 30, 1998.

EDITOR LANCET-CLINIC:

All of the principal hospitals in Paris have a division devoted to the diseases of the nose, throat and ear. The hours for consultation of the patients are generally from 9 to 12 each morning, except Sundays; and there are patients enough to occupy the time of the principal doctor and a half dozen internes of the hospital during the three hours. In this time one sees many interesting cases, both acute and chronic. During the season you see students from almost all countries attending the clinics here. Almost all the South Americans who come to Europe to study medicine, come to Paris. Probably, being Latins, it is easier for them to grasp the French language than the German or English. Then they receive a good deal of attention here. You also see full-blooded negroes here attending the clinics, from Martinique, who rank as gentlemen in Paris. They are usually the sons of rich planters in either Martinique or Guadaloupe, islands in the West Indies which belong to France.

One of the best clinics in Paris for throat and ear diseases is in the St. Antoine Hospital, presided over by Dr. Lemoyer. They give a course of two months to doctors of medicine, and charge one hundred francs for each course. You get to see plenty of cases, and have a chance to operate on them under the direction of the chief clinical assistant.

There is another good one at the Laraboisier Hospital, presided over by Dr. Sibileau. The division of the hospital devoted to this department is entirely new, having been opened last year, and has all of the most modern appliances.

They do not use the tonsilotome here for excising tonsils, but instead an instrument shaped like a punch, which both cuts and crushes. They claim there is less danger of hemorrhage after operations with this instrument than with the tonsilotome. Chloroform is not used in any of the clinics as an anesthetic in operations for the removal of adenoids or tonsils. They use inhalations of chlorid of ethyl instead. Usually the narcosis is sufficiently prolonged to enable one who is any expert to finish the operation before the patient comes out of the stupor.

Adrenalin is not used here as a hemostatic in nasal or throat cases. In a lecture on epistaxis and its treatment, delivered in the School of Medicine last week, it was not even mentioned.

A solution of cyanide of mercury is used here, instead of the sublimate, for cleansing and disinfecting purposes, in about the same proportion as the bichloride solution.

To-day I visited the Pasteur Institute, in the

Rue Dutot, near the Boulevard Pasteur, named in honor of the celebrated scientist. The institution was founded in 1886 by Dr. Pasteur, for the study of microbes and serums for infections diseases. The present directors of the Institute are Drs. Roux and Duclour. M. and Madam Curie were offered a laboratory in the institution four years ago for the prosecution of their researches in connection with the properties of radium.

In front of the main entrance to the institution is a bronze statue of a young shepherd struggling with a mad wolf. That young shepherd is now the athletic-looking concièrge of the institution. Pasteur's tomb is in a crypt inside, near the main entrance. In the main hall are two large plaques bearing laurel leaves worked in bronze. One is inscribed, "A Pasteur --Les Etudiants de France"; the other, L'Institut Pasteur a son Chef."

I saw twelve cases inoculated pour la rage (hydrophobia) while I was present; about half were children and the rest adults. They were all bitten by dogs or scratched by cats. Three centimetres of the serum is injected beneath the skin of the abdomen by pinching up a fold of the skin and inserting in it the tip of the syringe. This is done once a day for fifteen days, when the patient is sent about his business. The assistants who attended to the injecting seemed, by their behavior, to need some of the serum of common sense and politeness injected into their skins. To me there seemed to be a large element of humbug connected with this injecting for hydrophobia, for the reason that every one who is scratched by any of the lower animals goes through the fifteen days' injecting business whether there is any evidence of infection or not, on the part of the animal or the patient.

The proprietors of many of the drug stores here in Paris have signs in the windows reading, "Doctor of medicine, formerly an interne in the Paris hospitals." They evidently find the drug business more profitable than the practice of medicine. The drug stores here sell only drugs-no fancy articles. no cigars, candy or soda water. nor patent medicines. They evidently go in on the principle that "the shoemaker must stick to his last."

FRANCIS DOWLING. M.D.

HE who speaks ill of his own profession, often will not bear patiently with another who does the same. The reason of this is to be found in vanity. When we malign others we self-consciously exalt ourselves above them. When one abuses his own profession he privately, in his own mind, exempts himself; but when he hears another abuse it, he is not sure that he is exempted.-New York State Journal of Medicine.

I have been asked to write on the subject, "The New Pathology." This is a very broad subject, and one on which volumes have been written. Hence it is needless to say I don't expect to give an exhaustive discussion of pathology. It is as broad as the subject of medicine itself.

In the few minutes allotted to me, however, I will try and bring out some of my ideas of what pathology has been in the past, what it means to-day and what it must mean in the future.

My reason for writing on this aspect of the subject is to explain in a measure the move, which is on foot and has been for some time, to get an expert pathologist to teach pathology in our college. The term The term pathologist is, I take it, far too loosely used, for, to my mind, there are few real pathologists.

In order to get at the proper meaning of the term pathologist, let us consider for a moment what pathology is. We say pathology is a study of the causes, manifestations, and results of disease. Hence we cannot stop here in our inquiry, but must go a step further and ask, What is disease? We understand disease to be the reaction of the body to a specific exciting cause.

In man this depends not merely upon a single reaction, but always on the sum of many reactions of the different organs which are affected by the disease. The individual reaction of the different organs, or the cells of the organs, produces a symptom-complex which represents to the mind of the physician a clinical picture of some definite disease.

As each disease depends upon the reaction of the individual cells, careful investigation of the vital processes of the various cells would give us more fundamental and definite ideas on the course, cause and specific organism of disease.

The function of these cells is dependent on certain conditions most favorable to

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life. Any change in these conditions acts. as a stimulus to the cells. As long as these stimuli keep within certain bounds, no perceptible variations are seen in the normal life of the cell. But when they exceed certain limits these stimuli become strong enough to produce a change in the cell. These changes are recognized by some disturbance in the normal physiology, and are known as disease.

The greater the variation in the environment of the cell, the stronger can be the stimuli without making the cell diseased. On the other hand, a cell whose progenitors have always lived in a uniform environment will feel a very slight change of surroundings.

Hence the variety of stimuli that cause disease are always those to which the cell is unaccustomed and against which it is not strong enough to fight. This gives a little insight into what we call hereditary predisposition to disease.

Such an investigation would be comparatively easy for a unicelluar organism. But it is quite different when we come to consider the human body, with its many cells and groups of cells, each of which is dependent on the normal function of others for its own proper function. This depends upon the fact that the cells composing the body are widely different and have different sensibilities to disease. Each group of cells is dependent on other groups of cells; so dependent, in fact, that even a slight reaction of one group will cause marked evidence of disease in another.

Take, for instance, a diseased kidney, a congestion of which acts as an impediment to the circulation. This calls for more and greater work on the part of the heart. The congestion continuing causes the heart to become affected secondarily, which in turn will cause symptoms on the part of the lungs. We can trace this still Medical College of Oh'o, September 15, 1908.

further and find a congestion of the liver, and finally to the gastro-intestinal tract. All this is due to the diseased kidney. It is a most interesting clinical study to watch these conditions gradually clear up, provided we are able to relieve the congestion of the kidney. This, to my mind, is one of the most beautiful examples of the interdependence of function of one organ to that of another. It also illustrates how nature works out the cure of our patients if we will only assist her in the removal of the impediment, and not try, in the case mentioned, to force the heart, which is already overtaxed, to do more work in overcoming the resistance ahead, and at the same time rendering the congestion already present in the kidney greater.

From this insight into the cause of disease, it is easy to see what the work of the pathologist is, and how endless is his work, how broad and unlimited is his field of action, and at the same time how intimately connected his work must be with that of the clinician. They should work hand in hand.

Medicine has two fundamental objects in view first the immediate relief of human suffering, and the restoration of the individual to his normal standard of health. Now, from what we have seen above we can also see how intimate the relationship between the patient, the physician, and his confidential agent, the pathologist, must be to accomplish these objects. The physician garners up the data from life, which the pathologist must combine with his studies as he forges the chain of our understanding of morbid phenomena. The one must do his work as carefully and painstakingly as the other, so that the summing up will be based on true and trustworthy premises.

The physician is often confronted with an array of symptoms as intricate as a Chinese puzzle. He must separate the primary from the secondary, make a mental classification of these and from this deduce as true a conception as may be of the actual underlying pathologic process. Having done this he must advise rational means that are to remove the cause and at the same time relieve the conditions that nature is battling with.

This we see at once requires a comprehensive understanding of the etiology of disease, bedside experience, and a thorough knowledge of the fundamental truths. of pathology. Even thus fortified, the task is not always easy.

The clinician who is privileged to have his bedside findings reviewed by the pathologist is indeed fortunate. His errors become rectified, and after many and repeated humiliating disclosures he finally masters the difficult details of medical sci

ence.

To be a successful physician to-day and in the future, a little more is necessary than a pencil and a prescription pad. Another evil that must be combated is the great tendency of many to be misled by the detail men of our drug houses, who, in their desire to sell their products, are only too glad to tell us what to prescribe and what combinations of drugs are best suited to meet various conditions. They will even make the diagnosis for us if permitted.

This, I say, is not sufficient for the modern physician. He must be sufficiently grounded in his knowledge to enable him. to not only make his own diagnosis, but also to prescribe intelligently.

The pathologist is really the clinician's best friend, even though he oftentimes does disclose errors. This very disclosure makes the clinician stronger to meet the next trial. We may profit much by our mistakes if we will look into them carefully and try to discover why we made them and how to avoid them in the future. In fact, if we are sufficiently interested in our profession and have the welfare of our patients at heart, we will be glad to find out if we are wrong, as it is the truth we are after.

Pathology at one time was considered by many as more or less of a plaything to be indulged in by those who had the time to spare; in other words, something to occupy the time of the young doctor, who has more time than anything else. The work of the pathologist was considered to be the making of post-mortem examinations for disease. As the knowledge of the subject advanced he would examine tumors and the results of disease in the dead body, while to-day we find pathology recognized as one of the foundation principles of medicine, and it is the first subject considered in discussing any disease. Everything is based on the pathologic process going on, and it is the business of the pathologist to find out what and where. this is.

We have been considering, heretofore, the results of disease. Now let us take up another aspect of the work of the pathologist, one which is very largely a problem