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the upper part of the flower-stalks downy with hairs from a black base, mixed with bristles; involucre inflated, clothed with black hairs, mixed with whitish ones from a black base; scales pointed; root perennial. This species has large almost globose yellow flowers in August, and is found on rocks in the Scottish Highlands.

6. H. prenanthoides (Rough-bordered Hawkweed).—Stem leafy, unbranched, hairy; panicle of flowers somewhat corymbose; leaves toothed or entire, netted and glaucous beneath, lower ones narrowed into an eared clasping leaf-stalk, upper leaves lanceolate, heart-shaped, and clasping; flower-stalks and involucres rough with hairs and black bristles; outer scales few, and much smaller than the inner ones; fruit pale brown, and smooth; root perennial. This is a rare species of river sides in the north of this kingdom: it has numerous small yellow flowers in July and August. A species long called H. denticulátum is a woodland form of this.

7. H. boréale (Shrubby Broad-leaved Hawkweed).—Stem erect, leafy, rough, or hairy, either panicled or corymbose at top; leaves egg-shaped or lanceolate, upper ones broad, sessile, scarcely clasping, lower ones tapering into a footstalk ; involucres with blackish scales pressed closely down; fruit slightly rough, and brown or red; root perennial. This is a very variable plant, bearing its yellow flowers in August and September. It is not unfrequent in woods and on banks. A plant with all the leaves narrowed at the base, very nearly allied to this, and probably a variety of it, is found in mountainous districts, and is described by some writers as the Rigid-stemmed Hawkweed (H. rigidum). This has a smooth solid stem; and a plant scarcely differing from it, but having a rough hollow stem, and an involucre which becomes, after flowering, narrowed in the middle, is by some botanists termed H. tridentátum.

8. H. umbellátum (Narrow-leaved Hawkweed).-Stem erect, simple, corymbose, somewhat umbellate at the summit, leafy and rigid; leaves oblong-lanceolate or very narrow, toothed or entire, lower ones narrowed at the base, upper sessile, acute, or rounded at the base; flower-stalks and sometimes involucres downy, but not hairy; scales blunt, with points turning backwards; root perennial. In one variety of this, the leaves are all narrowed at the base; in a second, which is found at Dunkerran, County Kerry, in Ireland, the whole plant is much larger, and the leaves broader and egg-shaped at the base. This is not an unfrequent plant in our woods. Its stem is remarkably upright, two or three feet high, unbranched, and having an almost umbellate tuft of large yellow flowers in August and September. It is used in Sweden to dye yarn of a yellow colour. Dr. George Johnston observes, "It is remarkable that in the greater number of these plants some insect deposits its eggs near the summit, by which an oval or globular tumour is produced, and a more complete umbellate appearance given to the flower."

The Hawkweeds were prescribed for various maladies, and esteemed very efficacious against the bites of serpents. The old notion, that by means of these plants the hawks strengthened their vision, probably gave them some importance in days when falconry was practised. The Greeks, apparently from this opinion, gave the Hawkweed the name of Accipitrina, and hence the English Hawkweed, as well as the French Epervière, and Herbe à l' Epervier. The Germans also call it Habichtskraut; the Dutch, Haviksruid; and the Spaniards and Portuguese term it Hieracio. Coles, in his "History of Plants," written in 1657, says, "I shall treat of this plant as appropriated to the eyes ;" and Dale tells us that taken inwardly the Hawkweed sharpens the sight, and expels black bile. A very pretty species, H. venósum, is called in America Poor Robin's Plantain, and is believed to possess considerable medicinal powers.

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14. LAPSANA (Nipple-wort).

1. L. commúnis (Common Nipple-wort).-Leaves stalked, toothed, heartshaped at the base; stem branched; flowers numerous; pappus none; root annual. This is a very common plant in July and August by hedges and roadsides, offering little to attract in its pale yellow flowers, which are very small in proportion to the size of the plant. It is generally two or three feet high, with many blossoms about the size of a threepenny piece, and leaves of very different forms on different parts of the plant. The upper ones are either entire or simply toothed, the lower ones more or less cut, and having several small lobes running down the leaf-stalks. This plant is sometimes called Swine's-cress, and Succory Dock-cress; and the young spring leaves, which have somewhat the flavour of radishes, are eaten in Turkey among salad herbs. The foliage in a warmer climate loses probably some of its bitterness, as it would hardly be relished in its uncooked state in our country, though in some parts of England it is boiled by the peasantry. It is also used medicinally in villages. The French call it La Lampsane commune, and the Germans Der Rainkohl; the Spaniards term it Lampsana; and the Dutch, Akkermoes.

2. L. pusilla (Dwarf Nipple-wort).-Flower-stalk branched, very thick, and hollow at the upper part; leaves oblong, somewhat egg-shaped, toothed; pappus a short entire border; root annual. This is a rare species, occurring in some cultivated lands, and having, in July and August, small yellow flowers on leafless stalks, which swell and become hollow upwards. It is seldom more than six inches high.

15. CICHÓRIUM (Succory).

1. C. Íntybus (Wild Succory).-Heads of flowers sessile, axillary, in pairs; lower leaves toothed, with their segments pointing backwards, hairy on the back of the vein, upper ones clasping, oblong or lanceolate, entire; stem erect, branched; root perennial. This beautiful plant is frequently to be met with wherever the soil is light, gravelly, or chalky. In the harvest-field its tough stems cause much trouble, and it clusters in quantities on field-borders or hedgebanks by the roadside, meriting well its pretty old German name, which signifies keeper of the ways. It is a somewhat ragged, shaggy-looking plant, even when in fullest beauty, for its large flowers, blue as the sky, wither away one by one, and remain attached to the stems while the young buds are yet expanding. The blue star-like flower is as large as a dandelion, but not so full of florets, and it grows close to the stem, which is from one to three feet high. The landscape is just at that season rich with lovely flowers :

"Bursting like some snow-flake from the emerald hedges
Bindweeds profusely throw out their petals white,

Nightshade flowers with centred gold, and wings of purple edges,
Mix with gay convolvuli, and vetches red and bright:

Blue blooms the Succory, each bud than sapphire brighter,
Purple-spiked wild thyme, in amethystine pride,

Scatters aromatic scents, of bees the sweet inviter,

While topaz-like the agrimony's columns rise beside."

This flower seems in former times to have been commonly called Endive, for Gay says:—

"Upon her grave the rosemary they threw,

The daisy, butterflower, and endive blue."

This Succory grows wild, more or less, in all the countries of Europe. In France it is called Chicorée; in Germany Cichorie; and in Holland, Sukerey. The Italians call it Cicoria; the Spaniards, Achicoria; the Russians, Zikorija.

De Theis remarks upon its name, that Bodæus, Linnæus, and others have derived it from the Greek words, " to come," and "field;" that is to say, a plant which grows wild in the field--or everywhere-but that this etymology is overstrained. It is far more natural, he says, to suppose that the Egyptians, who used this plant in great quantities, would have communicated to the Greeks, along with the manner of preparing it, its Egyptian name, which appears from Forskhal to be Chicoùrych. Pliny observed that the Chicory was a very important plant in Egypt, and it is stated that at the present day this and some very similar plants constitute half the food of the Egyptians. In the same manner, doubtless, the specific names of Endivia and Intybus are both derived from Hendibeh, which is the Arabic name of the plant. It seems probable that the Chicory of Theophrastus, which was used by the ancients, was our wild Succory, since its names through Europe are but corruptions of the name by which the ancients called it.

The Garden Endive (Cichorium Endívia) is a nearly allied plant, and some writers think it merely a variety of the common Succory. It is now reared in large quantities by market gardeners, and forms a valuable addition to spring salad. Mr. Curtis considered it a distinct species; and it is to be remarked, that while the common Succory has the same name throughout Europe, this is known by a different one, most of the people of the Continent calling it Endivie, Endivia, or Endibia, while the French call it La Scarole. Mr. Curtis says, "The Cichorium Endívia, which is an annual or biennial, grows wild in the cornfields of Spain, together with the C. Intybus: it is undoubtedly the parent of the cultivated Endive, but it is not so clear which of the two is the plant so celebrated by Horace as constituting part of his simple diet."

We may occasionally see the star-like flowers of our wild Succory of a clear white hue, and it has been discovered that the blue colour of the petals is changed into a beautiful red by the acid of ants. Mr. Miller, the engraver, told Mr. Curtis that the boys in Germany often amused themselves in producing this change of colour by placing the blossoms in an ant-hill. These flowers were, it seems, formerly considered very beneficial to health, for Parkinson tells us, "The bitterness thereof causeth it to be more physicall than the curled endive; therefore the flowers pickled up, as divers other flowers are used to be now a daies, make a delicate sallet at all times when there is occasion to use them." This " pickling" the flowers appears to have been merely mixing them with sugar, and making them into a kind of confection, probably similar to that favourite sweetmeat called Violet plate, so much in fashion in the time of Charles I. An old work, Sir John Elyot's" Castel of Helth," seems to have been a great authority among our forefathers. It was first printed in 1534, and comparatively few as readers were in those days, it was afterwards reprinted no less than nine times. The writer of this work says, "In all colerike fevers the decoction of the herbe sukorie, or the water thereof, stylled, is right expedient." A writer some years later, commending the Succory as a "fine cleansing jovial plant," recommends the decoction of the leaves, as well as the distilled water and syrup, for a variety of maladies.

This Succory is largely cultivated on the Continent, from Italy to Russia, for the leaves, which are used in salad, and which the French call Barbe à capuchin. It is also planted as fodder for cattle, and highly prized for the nutriment which it affords. The root, which is now so extensively used in this kingdom to mingle with coffee, was at first employed either as a substitute for that berry or as a surreptitious adulteration of the coffee commonly sold. Its use has now become very general, and some persons think, that mixed with the Arabian berry it improves its flavour. Dr. Howison considers the Succory root superior in flavour

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