21. ONOPÓRDUM (Cotton-thistle).-Involucre swollen below, imbricated, the scales spreading and spinous; receptacle honeycombed; fruit 4-angled; pappus hairy, rough. Name of Greek origin.

22. CARLÍNA (Carline-thistle).-Involucre imbricated, swollen at the base, the outer scales loose, with numerous spines, the inner coloured, spreading, and resembling a ray; receptacle chaffy. Name the same as Carolina, from a tradition that an angel showed the root of one of the species to Charlemagne, as a remedy for the plague.

23. CENTAURÉA (Knapweed, Corn Bluebottle, &c.).—Involucre imbricated; receptacle bristly; pappus hairy or none; outer florets large, irregular, destitute of stamens and pistils. Name from the Centaur Chiron, who is said to have used it in healing wounds.

SUB-ORDER III. CORYMBIFERÆ.

Florets of the disk tubular; marginal florets often strap-shaped.
1. TUBIFLORA (The Tansy Group).

24. BÍDENS (Bur-marigold).—Involucre of many scales, the outer ones, or bracts, often leafy; pappus, of 2-5 awns, which are rough, with minute teeth pointing downwards. Name from the Latin, bis, double, and dens, a tooth, from the structure of the fruit.

25. DIÓTIS (Cotton-weed).—Involucre hemispherical, imbricated; pappus none; corolla with two ears at the base, which remain and crown the fruit. Name from the Greek, dis, double, ous, ótos, an ear, from the form of the fruit.

26. TANACETUM (Tansy).-Involucre cup-shaped, imbricated; receptacle naked; fruit crowned with a chaffy border. Name altered from the Greek athánaton, everlasting.

27. ARTEMISIA (Wormwood).-Involucre roundish, imbricated, containing but few flowers. Name from Artemis, the Diana of the Greeks.

28. EUPATÓRIUM (Hemp-agrimony).-Heads few-flowered; involucre imbricated, oblong; receptacle naked; styles much longer than the florets. Name from Mithridates Eupator, king of Pontus, who is said to have first used it.

29. LINOSÝRIS (Goldy-locks).—Involucre of one row of scales, surrounded by several longer ones, or imbricated; receptacle honeycombed; pappus in a double row, feathery, rough. Name from linum, flax, and osyris, a name given by Pliny to some flexible plant.

30. ANTENNÁRIA (Everlasting).-Stamens and pistils in separate flowers, and on different plants; involucre imbricated, the inner ones coloured or chaffy at the ends; receptacle naked; pappus hairy. Name from the hairs of the pappus, which resemble the antennæ of insects.

31. GNAPHÁLIUM (Cudweed).-Involucre roundish, dry, imbricated, often coloured; receptacle naked; pappus hairy. Name from the Greek, gnaphálion, soft down, with which the leaves are covered.

32. FILÁGO.-Involucre tapering upwards, imbricated of a few long pointed scales; receptacle chaffy in the circumference; pappus hairy; florets few, the outer ones bearing pistils only. Name from the Latin, filum, a thread, from the thread-like down which invests the plant.

33. PETASÍTES (Butter-bur).-Involucre a single row of narrow scales; receptacle naked; stamens and pistils usually on different plants. Name from the Greek, pétasos, a covering for the head, from the large size of the leaves.

2. RADIATE (Daisy Group).

34. TUSSILAGO (Colt's-foot).—Involucre a single row of narrow scales; receptacle naked; florets of the ray narrow, in several rows; of the disk few; all yellow. Name from the Latin, tussis, a cough, from its use in that malady.

35. ERÍGERON (Flea-bane).—Involucre imbricated with narrow scales; receptacle naked; florets of the ray in many rows, very narrow, different in colour from those of the disk. Name in Greek signifying growing old early, from the early appearance of the grey seed-down.

36. ASTER (Starwort).-Involucre imbricated, a few scales on the flowerstalk; receptacle naked, honeycombed; florets of the ray in one row, purple; of the disk, yellow; pappus hairy, in many rows. Name from the Greek, aster,

a star.

37. SOLIDAGO (Golden-rod).-Involucre imbricated; receptacle naked; florets all yellow; pappus hairy, in one row. Name from the Latin, solidare, to unite, from its supposed property of healing wounds.

38. SENECIO (Groundsel and Ragwort).—Involucre imbricated and oblong, the scales often tipped with brown, a few smaller ones at the base; florets all yellow, the outer sometimes wanting. Name from the Latin, senex, an old man, from the white seed-down.

39. DORÓNICUM (Leopard's-bane).-Involucre cup-shaped, scales in two rows, equal; florets all yellow; pappus hairy, wanting in the florets of the ray. Name of uncertain origin.

40. ÍNULA (Elecampane, &c.).—Involucre imbricated in many rows; receptacle naked; florets all yellow; anthers with two bristles at the base. Name probably a corruption of Helénula, Little Helen.

41. PULICÁRIA (Flea-bane).-Involucre loosely imbricated, in few rows; pappus in two rows, outer one short, membranous, cup-shaped, and toothed, inner hairy; receptacle naked; anthers with bristles at their base. Name from pulex, a flea, to which insect the plant is said to be obnoxious.

42. BELLIS (Daisy).—Involucre of two rows of equal blunt scales; receptacle conical; outer florets white, inner yellow; pappus none. Name from the Latin, bellus, pretty.

43. CHRYSANTHEMUM (Ox-eye).—Involucre nearly flat, the scales membranaceous at the margin; receptacle naked; pappus none. Name from the Greek, chrysos, gold, and anthos, a flower.

44. MATRICÁRIA (Wild Chamomile).—Involucre conical, hemispherical, or nearly flat, the scales imbricated, and usually membranaceous at their margins; pappus a membranaceous border, or wanting; receptacle naked. Name from some supposed medicinal virtues.

45. ANTHEMIS (Chamomile).—Involucre cup-shaped, or nearly flat, the scales imbricated, membranaceous at their margins; receptacle chaffy; pappus none, or a membranaceous border. Name from the Greek, anthos, a flower, from its numerous blossoms.

46. ACHILLEA (Yarrow, Milfoil).-Involucre egg-shaped, or oblong, imbricated; receptacle flat, chaffy; florets all of one colour, those of the ray broad, 5-10; pappus none. Name from Achilles, who is said to have first used it as

a healing herb.

ANOMALOUS GENUS.

47. XANTHIUM (Bur-weed).—Stamens and pistils in separate flowers on the same plant. Stamen-bearing flowers with an involucre of few scales, and many small heads of flowers upon a common receptacle; calyx none; corolla sessile. Pistil-bearing flower with its involucre single, prickly, with two beaks inclosing

two flowers; calyx none; corolla none; the two stigmas alone protruded from small openings between the heads. Fruit one-seeded. Name from xanthos, yellow or fair, because an infusion is said to have been used for staining the hair yellow.

SUB-ORDER I. CICHORACEE.-CHICORY TRIBE.

1. TRAGOPÓGON (Goat's-beard).

*Florets all strap-shaped; having stamens and pistils.

1. T. pratensis (Yellow Goat's-beard).-Involucre about the same length as the corolla, or rather longer; leaves broad at the base, clasping the stem, very long, tapering, channelled, and undivided; flower-stalks slightly thickened above; root biennial. This plant, which is not uncommon, is one of easy recognition; for the long leaves, almost as slender as those of the young wheat, distinguish it at once from the other species of compound flowers, with their variously cut foliage. The stem is about two feet high, with sea-green bloom upon its surface, and the flower is yellow, with either yellow or dark brown anthers. The blossom forms one of the best floral indices of the hour of the day, opening at sunrise, and closing at noon. It flowers in July. Bishop Mant says of it :

"And goodly now the noon-tide hour,
When from his high meridian tower
The sun looks down in majesty,
What time about the grassy lea

The Goat's-beard, prompt his rise to hail
With broad expanded disk, in veil
Close mantling wraps its yellow head,
And goes, as peasants say, to bed."

This plant in country places is called Noonday Flower, Jack go to bed at noon, and Star of Jerusalem.

After flowering, the round ball of pappus is very conspicuous, being larger than that of any other wild flower, concave above, and interwoven; not white, like that of the dandelion, but of a light brownish colour, and each little shuttlecock-like plume placed on a long stalk. It is to this ball that the plant owes its rustic name of Goat's-beard, which has its synonym in several European countries. Thus the Germans call it Bocksbart; the Dutch, Boksbaard; the Italians, Barba di becco; the Spaniards, Barba cabruna; and the French, Sersifi.

Gerarde says of the Goat's-beard: "The rootes boyled in water until they be tender, and buttered as parsneps and carrots, are a most pleasing and wholesome meate, in delicate taste farre surpassing either parsneps or carrots; which meate procures appetite, warmeth the stomacke, prevaileth greatly in consumptions, and strengtheneth those that have beene sicke of a long lingering disease." Our species includes the T. minor and major of some botanists; though some writers regard the latter as a yellow variety of the Salsafy. The plant grows in meadows and pastures, and sometimes in hedges.

2. T. porrifólius (Purple Goat's-beard, or Salsafy).—Involucre longer than the florets; flower-stalks thickened upwards; leaves tapering, slightly broader just above the base, then gradually narrowing to an acute point; root perennial. This pretty purple species is often seen in gardens, and in the moist meadows of some parts of the kingdom; but it is local. It is rather a naturalized than a truly wild flower, and is very similar, save in the colour of its blossom, to the common Goat's-beard. The long tapering roots may be much improved by culture; they are mild and sweet, and resemble asparagus in flavour. The plant is still cultivated in France and Germany for these edible roots, and was so in England previously to the introduction into our kitchen gardens of the Spanish