and wounded and 250 prisoners. The victory won here by Gen. Cleburne convinced the enemy that the Confederates were not a demoralized fugitive army, and determined Gen. Grant to recall the pursuit, impressed as he already was with the necessity of despatching reinforcements to aid Burnside at Knoxville.

In the series of defensive operations in which the Army of Tennessee was engaged under the command of Gen. Johnston, during the summer of 1864, Gen. Cleburne was not conspicuous, and there was nothing calling for especial mention of his name. He accompanied Gen. Hood in that famous and fatal attempt to recover Tennessee, which probably lost the Southern Confederacy. On the 20th November, 1864, the Army of Tennessee approached Franklin, and Gen. Cleburne arriving on the heights that overlooked the town, took his position on the right of the road leading from Spring Hill. He formed his brigades into column; and before the hour of attack came, he instructed his Brigadiers to impress upon the men the advantages of carrying the enemy's works at the point of the bayonet. The works, he declared, must be carried, and the quicker they were in them, the shorter would be the time they were under fire, and the smaller their loss. No man was to stop to fire; all were to move forward as rapidly as possible. It was half-past three o'clock in the afternoon, when the signal of attack was given, Cleburne's division then being some 300 or 400 yards from the front line of the enemy's works, and sheltered by slightly rising ground. Then came the command, from Gen. Cleburne, "Fix bayonets!" delivered in a voice as clear and piercing as was the cold, sharp, deadly steel the men were told to handle. Another instant and the word, Forward," rang down the line. It was Gen. Cleburne's last order; for, in obeying it, he and half of his division marched to death. He was within twenty paces of the rear-rank, his sharp eye upon his brigadiers, searching the conduct of his troops, when he fell from his horse, pierced by three wounds. He died on the battle-field.

With Cleburne expired much of the spirit of the Army of Tennessee. His hardy and tried veterans were principally from the Southwestern States, beyond and bordering on the Mississippi River, and were distinguished for impetuosity in the charge-that part of the battle where the ardour of the soldier comes most

into play, and courage flames most grandly. It has been said, "his division would have made the reputation of any man that commanded it." There is some truth in this remark; but it is also true that Gen. Cleburne made his division what it was, and educated it up to the point of uniform success. He was a good disciplinarian; he was remarkable for his close personal attention to details; he gained the steady regard of his troops by a conscientious care for all their reasonable wants; and impetuous on the field, he showed his appreciation of that method of attack which at once acquires momentum and inspires men by the rapidity and decision of the movement.

In person, Gen. Cleburne was of the medium height, sparely made, growing thinner as the war progressed, and mind and body were worn by a restless activity. He had a grey eye of very changeful expression, sometimes as cold and dead as that of a fish, yet when excited, flashing like a broad-sword. His hair that was originally black became very grey before the close of the war, and being closely cropped, it stood above his forehead in bristly individuality. High cheek bones, with thin lower visage, a rather sallow complexion, with but little beard, and remarkably large ears, with long limbs and heavy emphatic steps in walking, he was not one who, in appearance or manners, would have won admiratian or confidence. His features were not repulsive, they were very plain; but when on duty he habitually wore on his countenance a somewhat terrible expression which not a little impressed his men, and signified the earnestness he really possessed. This expression was partly natural and partly due to an ugly wound from a minié ball at Richmond, Kentucky, which had carried away two of his front teeth, and disfigured his mouth. His accent would at any time have betrayed his nativity; but it was especially remarkable when he gave emphatic orders. Habitually thoughtful and grave, he was considered cold and repellent in manner by those who only met him in his official capacity; but to his intimate friends, he was genial and pleasant in conversation, with, at times, a real sparkling of Irish wit and humour that would bring the hearty laugh from auditors, responsive to his rather grim smile.

The men who served under him relate many anecdotes of his peculiar humour. His usual habit was to wear an old brown

hat, and a coat, originally of Confederate grey, dyed a dingy dirty black, his appearance being described as "more like a waggonmaster than a General." For the former character he was mistaken once by some of his men, at whose expense he enjoyed a hearty laugh. Joining a group of shivering tatterdemallions on a wintry day, he asked "why they did not get some rails and make a fire." One of them said "it would not do, they were too near Pat Cleburne's headquarters." The reply was, "never mind Pat Cleburne, get some rails and make a fire." "Well," said one of the group, "if you are not afraid of him, get the rails yourself, and I'll bet in five minutes Pat Cleburne will be down here, with his guard at his heels, and have you marking time in front of his tent." "I will take the bet," said the General, "and now get the rails and if anybody says anything to you, say General Cleburne told you to get them"-considerable emphasis being put on the word "General," for the title had been entirely neglected in the conversation.

He prided himself in being up to all the "tricks" of the men; and indeed his former experience, as a common soldier, made him a master detective in this particular. In the season when apples ripened, it happened on the march that some of the men often got ahead of the division to strip the trees on the road-side of their fruit, and afterwards sell it in camp or trade it for biscuit. This nice arrangement was spoiled by Gen. Cleburne in a notable way. About the time when the stragglers would be cooling themselves under the shade of some apple-tree, and discussing the probabilities of obtaining buttermilk at the next house, Cleburne's escort would come up, arrest the party, and then compel them to carry a load of apples to the road-side for the men as they passed by. The General himself superintended this part of the operations. He would pass an order down the column for each man to take two apples from the pile as he marched by; he would then take his position near the apples, to see that the men took their allowance, and woe to the unlucky wretch who exceeded it. The duty was performed by him with the utmost gravity, until he saw completed the last distribution of the stolen fruit.

Gen. Cleburne is reported to have instituted, or originated, the secret order (approximating the order of the "Cincinnati "

of the old revolution) known as the order of the "Comrades of the Southern Cross," which, though partially philanthropic in its object, was intended mainly to bind together as one man the soldiers of the Southern army, obligating themselves to stand by each other, and never to desert their comrades in distress, or the cause of their country in any adversity, while she maintained an organized opposition to threatened tyranny. He attributed the valour of his troops mainly to the effect of this organization, and he was anxious that it should be extended throughout the Southern armies.

There was a peculiarity of Cleburne's division that distinguished it to the time of the death of its commander. It never fought under the flag of the "Southern Cross," but retained the original blue battle-flag with white moon in the centre, adopted originally by Gen. Hardee, previous to the battle of Shiloh. The union of the Confederate flag, the "St. Andrew's Cross," when adopted as the battle-flag of the Confederate armies, was, on more than one occasion, brought on parade to be presented to the different regiments of this division, but at the urgent solicitation of the Major-General and his entire command, they were allowed to retain their old bullet-riddled blue flags, each of which had earned the significant device of the "crossed cannon inverted," and the name of every battle in which they had been engaged. It was, indeed, a compliment to their commander and the gallantry of the men that this division should have been the only one in the Confederate service allowed to carry into battle other than the national colours. This azure flag became well known to friends and foes; it clearly defined Cleburne's position in the line; and if not always on the track of victory, it never moved where lurked disaster and shame.

LIEUT.-GEN. JOSEPH WHEELER

CHAPTER LXIII.

Services in the United States Army.-His command of cavalry under Gen. Bragg.— Important service at Murfreesboro.-Desperate encounter with the enemy at Shelbyville.-Personal gallantry of Gen. Wheeler.-His famous raid into Tennessee.-Summary of services in the Western Army.-Operations of Wheeler's cavalry on Sherman's march through Georgia.-Gen. Wheeler's farewell address to his troops.-What he accomplished in the war.-His career and genius.

JOSEPH WHEELER was born in Augusta, Georgia, on the 10th September, 1836. His youth was spent in the first schools of the country, and, in 1854, he was appointed to West Point, and was among the first that graduated under the five year rule.

In October, 1859, he was ordered to the cavalry school at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and there remained on duty during the winter. In the spring of 1860, we find him in New Mexico, stationed, successively, at Forts Union, Craig, and Fillmore, and engaging in several important scouts against the hostile Indians. Early in March, 1861, seeing the storm-cloud gathering over his country, he at once decided his course, and when his native State seceeded, forwarded his resignation and returned to Georgia. On his arrival, he was commissioned 1st lieutenant of artillery in the regular army, and assigned to duty at Pensacola, Florida. He was subsequently promoted to the Colonelcy of the 19th Alabama Infantry Regiment, and bore brave part in the great battle of Shiloh.

In the latter part of July, 1861, he was placed in command of the cavalry of the Army of Mississippi, which had been idle, and had worn away, for want of care, to a mere squad. In four days after taking command, he had penetrated the ene