cribed the invention of epodes. See EPODE. He is also generally reckoned among the first victors of the Pythic games: and we learn from Pindar that his muse was not always a termagant; for though no mortal escaped her rage, yet she was at times sufficiently tranquil and pious to dictate hymns in praise of the gods and heroes. One in particular, written in honor of Hercules, acquired him the acclamations of all Greece; for he sung it in full assembly at the Olympic games, and received from the judges the crown of victory. This hymn, or ode, was afterwards sung in honor of every victor at Olympia who had no poet to celebrate his particular exploits. Archilochus was at last slain by one Callondax Corax, of the island of Naxos; who, though he did it in battle, according to the laws of war, was driven out of the temple of Delphi, by command of the oracle, for having deprived of life a man consecrated to the muses. The names of Archilochus and Homer were equally revered and celebrated in Greece, as the two most excellent poets which the nation had ever produced. ARCHIMAGUS, the high-priest of the Persian magi, or worshippers of fire. He resided in the highest fire-temple, which was held in the same veneration with them, as the temple of Mecca among the Mahommedans. Zoroaster first settled it at Balck; but after the Mahom medans had overrun Persia in the seventh century, Archimagus was forced to remove from thence into Kerman, a province of Persia, lying on the Southern Ocean, where it has continued to this day. Darius Hystaspes took upon himself the dignity of Archimagus; for Porphyry tells us, he ordered, before his death, that among the other titles, it should be engraven on his monument, that he had been master of the magi; which plainly implies, that he had borne this office among them; for none but the Archimagus was master of the whole sect. From hence it seems to have proceeded, that the kings of Persia were ever after looked on to be of the sacerdotal tribe, and were always initiated into the sacred order of the magi before they took on them the crown, and were inaugurated into the kingdom. ARCHIMANDRITE, in ecclesiastical history, was a name given by the ancient Christians to what we now call an abbot. Among the Greeks, by whom it is chiefly used, it is always restricted to the chief of an abbey. ARCHIMEDES, a celebrated geometrician, born at Syracuse, in the island of Sicily, and related to Hiero, king of Syracuse. He was remarkable for his extraordinary application to mathematical studies; in which he used to be so much engaged, that his servants were often obliged to take him from them by force. And he affirmed to Hiero, if he had another earth whereon to plant his machines he could move this which we inhabit. He is said to have formed a glass sphere, of most surprising workmanship, wherein the motions of the heavenly bodies were represented; and immediately discovered the exact quantity of the silver which a goldsmith had mixed with the gold in a crown he had made for the king. He took the hint of this discovery from his perceiving the water rise up the sides of the bath as he went into it, and was filled with such joy, that he ran naked out of the bath, crying Evpnea! Evpnra! ‘I have found it! I have found it! By the invention of machines he for a long time defended Syracuse on its being besieged by Marcellus. (See SYRACUSE.) On the city's being taken, that general commanded his soldiers to have a particu lar regard to the safety of this truly great man; but his care was ineffectual. What gave Marcellus the greatest concern (says Plutarch), was the unhappy Archimedes, who was at that time in his museum, and his mind as well as his eyes so fixed and intent upon some geometrical figures, that he neither heard the noise and hurry of the Romans, nor perceived that the city was taken. In this depth of study and contemplation a soldier came suddenly upon him and commanded him to follow him to Marcellus, which he refusing to do till he had finished his problem, the soldier, in a rage, drew his sword and ran him through the body. This happened A. A. C. 208. Cicero, when he was quæstor in Italy, discovered his tomb, on which was carved a cylinder and sphere. Some of the works of this great man are lost: there are preserved: 1. Two books of the Sphere and Cylinder. 2. The Dimensions of a Circle. 3. Of Centres of Gravity, or Equiponderants. 4. Of Spheroids and Conoids. 5. Of Spiral Lines. 6. The Quadrature of a Parabola. 7. Of the Number of the Sand. 8. Of Bodies that float on Fluids. The best edition of these is that published at London, 1675, 4to. Among the works of Archimedes which are lost, we may reckon the descriptions of the following inven tions, which we may gather from himself and other ancient authors: 1. Hepe ng separns, or his account of the method which he used to discover the mixture of the gold and silver in the crown. 2. His description of the Koyλia, or Koxov, an engine to draw water out of places where it is stagnated. Athenæus, speaking of the prodigious ship built by the order of Hiero, tells us, that Archimedes invented the cochlion, by means of which the hold, notwithstanding its depth, could be drained by one man. (Aσoporwv, lib. v.) Diodorus Siculus informs us, that he contrived this machine to drain Egypt; and that by a wonderful mechanism it would empty the water from any depth. 3. The E, by means of which (according to Athenæus, Avog, lib. v.) he launched Hiero's great ship. 4. The Tρioworov, of thepower of which Tzetzes gives a hyperbolical relation, Chil. ii. hist. 35 5. The machines he used in the defence of Syracuse against Marcellus. Of these we have an account in Polybius, Livy, and Plutarch. 6. His burning-glasses, with which he is said to have set fire to the Roman galleys. Galen, I κράσεων, lib. iii. 7. His pneumatic and bydraulic engines, concerning which he wrote books, according to Tzetzes. ARCHIMIME, or ARCHIMIMUS; from ay and μog, mimic; an arch buffoon, or capital mimic. The archimimes, among the Roues, were persons who imitated the manners, ges tures, and speech both of people living and those who were dead. At first they were only employed on the theatre; but were afterwards admitted to their feast, and at last to their funerals; where they walked after the corpse, counterfeiting the gestures and behaviour of the person who was carried to the funeral pile. ARCHIPELAGO, in geography, a general term, implying a sea interrupted by a great number of islands, and formed by corruption of Ægeopelagus, Alyalov Пeλayos, the Egean Sea; a name originally given it by the Greeks; but for what reason it is not agreed on. See EGEAN SEA. To this sea, however, the name is now in some measure appropriated. It is called the White Sea, in contradistinction to the Euxine, or Black Sea; and is that part of the Mediterranean, which lies between Europe and Asia; having the Morea, Livadia and Macedonia on the west, Romania on the north, Natolia on the east, and the isle of Candia on the south. It contains a great number of islands; such as Andros, Antiparos, Argentiera, Cerigo, Delos, Lemnos, Milo, Metelin, Naxia, Negropont, Paros, Patmos, Rhodes, Samos, Santorin, Scio, Scyros, Tenedos, Tina, &c. All these lie between the thirty-fifth and fortieth degrees of north latitude. Some of them are called Cyclades, because they form as it were a crown and circle round Delos; others are called Sporades, as being dispersed without any order between Asia and the isle of Candia. These islands are under the dominion of Turkey, and the rapacity and stupidity of their governors is proverbial. The public burdens are great: most of them are included in the government of the capudan-pacha, or grand-admiral of the Turkish fleet; but Mitylene, Scio, and Makronisi, are differently circumstanced; the revenue of the first going to the sultana mother, that of the second to the sister of the grand seignior, and that of the third, with the tribute of the city of Athens, to the kislaraga, or commander of the black eunuchs. The professed religion is that of the Greek church; but not a few are members of what is called the united Greek and Catholic church, ARCHIPELAGO, COLUMBIAN, a name that has been sometimes given to the West Indies. ARCHIPELAGO NORTHERN, extends between the east coast of Kamschatka and the west coast of America, and comprehends four clusters of islands: viz. 1. Sasignan, containing five islands. 2. Khoa, including eight islands; both these groups together are called the Aleutian islands. 3. The Andreanoffski Ostrova comprises sixteen islands. 4. The Lyssie, or Fox islands, include ARCHITECT, า ARCHITECTIVE, ARCHITECTONICAL, ARCHITECTO NICK, ARCHITECTOR, ARCHITECTRESS, ARCHITECTURE, ARCHITECTURAL. also sixteen islands. Modern geographers mention other Archipelagos, as follows: ARCHIPELAGO OF LAZARUS, near the coast of Malabar and Malacca. ARCHIPELAGO OF THE GREAT CYCLADES, a cluster of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, so named by Bougainville, the French navigator, and afterwards called New Hebrides by captain Cook. See HEBRIDES, New. ARCHIPELAGO OF THE PHILIPPINES, called by some the Great Archipelago, containing the Philippines, the Moluccas, Celebes, &c. ARCHIPELAGO OF THE RECHERCHE, several groups of islands, rocks, and shoals on the south coast of New Holland, extending from between 34° to 34° 30′ south latitude, and 121° 30′ to 123° 20′ east longitude. The largest islands were named by the French, Mondrain and Middle Island. formed of αρχος, ARCHIPHERACITÆ; chief, and the Hebrew or Chaldee p, division or chapter; ministers in the Jewish synagogues, appointed to read and interpret the Perakin, or titles and heads of the law and the prophets, Grotius supposed them the same with the Archisynagogues; but they were rather the chiefs of these. ARCHIPPUS, in entomology, a species of papilio that inhabits South America. ARCHIPRESBYTER, or ARCH-PRIEST, priest established in some dioceses with a superiority over the rest. He was anciently chosen out of the college of presbyters at the pleasure of the bishop. These archpresbyters were much of the same rature with deans in the cathedral churches, as the college of presbyters answers to the chapter. See PRESBYTER. ARCHISTRATEGUS, the generalissimo, or captain-general of an army. See STRATEGUS. ARCHISYNAGOGUS, the chief of the synagogue; the title of an officer among the Jews, who presided in their synagogues and assemblies. The number of these officers was not fixed nor the same in all places; there being seventy in some, and in others only one. They are sometimes called princes or angels of the synagogue, and had a power of whipping or excommunicating such as deserved these punishments. ARCHITECTOGRAPHIA, the description of ancient buildings, temples, theatres, arches, pyramids, baths, gates, aqueducts, tombs, &c. ARCHITECTONICE; apXITEKTOVIN, Gr. See ARCHITECture. ARCHITECTURE. From αρχος, and τεκτων, from τεύχω, to build. A chief builder. One who plans, contrives, directs and superintends a building according to the rules of his art. How could the bodies of many of them, particularly the last mentioned, be furnished with architective materials? Derham. Physico-Theology. Architecture is divided into civil architecture, called by way of eminence architecture; military architecture, or fortification; and naval architecture, which, besides building of ships and vessels, includes also ports, moles, docks, &c. Chambers. Rome will bear witness that the English artists are as superior in talents as they are in numbers to those of all nations besides; I reserve the mention of her architects as a separate class. Cumberland. ARCHITECTURE, apXITEKTovia, Gr.; architectura, Lat.; the art or science of inventing and drawing designs for buildings: in other words, as the Greek etymology of the term expresses, the art of designing well according to just and harmonious rules and proportions. 2. Architecture, strictly speaking, may be divided into three separate classes: civil, military, and naval. The former, to the consideration of which this article will be limited, has appropriated to itself, emphatically, the general name of the art; the second class, which respects FORTIFICATION, will be found treated of under that head; and for the third, including, besides the building of ships and other vessels, the formation of ports, moles, docks, &c., the reader is referred to the article on SHIP-BUILDING. INTRODUCTION. 3. Amongst all the arts which the inventive ingenuity of mankind has at different periods originated, to administer to the wants and weaknesses of human nature, this must surely be ranked in the very highest class: not only does it contribute in the first degree to the blessings and comforts of civilized life; not only does it give a tangible shape, a local habitation and a name,' to the soft endearments of home-but it affords likewise a pregnant subject for the eye of taste to dwell on; and is largely instrumental in exciting that refined and imaginative pleasure which springs from the contemplation of abstract beauty and proportion. 4. Civil architecture, or, as we shall at once term it, architecture, is itself divisible into a number of different branches, according to the styles adopted by the various nations practising it, and according to the several eras in which it has been practised. An intelligent French writer on architecture, of the present day, gives us the following enumeration:Egyptian, Indian, Persian, Phenician, Hebraic, Chinese, Greek, Roman, and Gothic, to which list may be added, the Etruscan, the Moorish or Saracenic, the Saxon, and the English. With regard to epochs, the characteristics arising from these may be ranged under four great heads, namely, ancient architecture, that of the lower empire, that of the middle ages, and modern architecture. 5. Before we proceed to the investigation of these varieties, in the course of which we shall trace back the progress of our interesting art to its earliest dawn, and accompany it through the changes and chances' by which it rose to meridian splendor amongst the Greeks and Romans; declined with the corresponding decline of intellect in its second great stage; and sunk into barbaric darkness in the third; not, however, to rise no more ;-it may not be amiss to impress still more strongly on the imagination of the reader or student the manifold and great advantages derivable from its cultivation. 6. Architecture may be regarded both as an art and as a science; and the practitioner will find it necessary to bear both definitions constantly in view; since otherwise he would be in danger, on the one hand, of degenerating into a mere artizan; or, on the other, of becoming a theorist, whose designs are bounded by the picturesque, and extend not to the practical or useful. The great architects of Greece and Rome understood construction as well as effect; as is abundantly proved by those illustrious monuments which still survive to indicate their superiority. 7. By the means of architecture we are furnished with a test from which may be inferred the comparative cultivation and progress of intellect between man arrived at a high state of civilization and his ruder forefathers; and the opinion of Plato should not be forgotten, that even the study of politics and legislation began with the building of cities. The lofty and stupendous pyramids, obelisks, and temples of Egypt, bear witness to the truth of history and tradition which represent the grandeur and numerical strength of the ancient dwellers on the banks of the Nile. The relics of ancient Athens attest the veracity of those authors who attributed to its population a refined and elegant taste, and an unsurpassable perception of beauty and harmony. The work of the sculptor, nay, in some instances, even of the painter, defies oblivion, introduced on the walls of the architect; and the magic powers of Apelles receive our faith, since they are vouched for by the same historians who had taste to perceive, and eloquence to describe, the architectural beauties which remain to excite similar sensations in ourselves. PART I. HISTORY OF THE ART. 8. Great caution must be observed in specu lating on the state of this art among the nations of antediluvian celebrity. It may, we think, safely be conceded, that they did possess a sys tem of architecture; but it was probably of a very rude and unsophisticated description. The Mosaic account affords but little light to guide us on this subject; and whether the deluge was an unique occurrence, or, as some philosophers are inclined to imagine, was several times repeated, we are still left in the dark as to the height which the arts and manners of civilized life had obtained among the primeval races who previously lorded it over our globe. 9. It is a curious fact, that although most of the known countries of the world concur in be lief and affirmation of a universal deluge, yet each differs, according to its prevailing opinion and traditions, both with regard to date and er cumstances; and in the only record which we ourselves possess of a period nearly equalling m |