desire for a moist place in which to pupate. The plants in the pots had dried up completely, and the soil, too, was quite dry, so that in order to find a moist place the larvae were forced to go to the bottom of the pot. The length of the pupal stage seems to vary considerably. Eight pupae were kept under observation, and the results are given in table 8:

TABLE 8. LENGTH OF PUPAL STAGE OF CALENDRA PERTINAX OLIV.*

*The data on the first six pupae were determined for the writer by Dr. P. B. Lawson, of Lawrence, Kansas. The last two pupae were observed by the author himself.

Description of the stages

The egg (Plate XL, 16)

Average length 2.15 mm., average greatest width 0.85 mm. Elongate oval, scarcely ubreniform-elliptical. Color almost pure white. No distinct marking or sculpturing. As he time of hatching approaches, turning yellowish, and becoming quite dark just before the arva emerges.

The larva (Plate XLVIII, 77)

Color dirty white. Head yellowish brown. Epicranial suture distinct. On each side of the epicranial suture a light line starting indistinctly at the vertex and running obliquely o the frontal suture. Mandibles very dark brown, almost black. Front of head darker ear the fronto-clypeal suture. Clypeus light brown. Labrum with two curving sulci hich divide it into three subequal parts. On the labrum four prominent hairs and a number f marginal hairs. Thoracic segment distinct. Prothorax with a yellowish, chitinized shield. piracles of prothorax large, oblong, and nearly twice as large as the other spiracles. Segents 4, 5, and 6 of the abdomen greatly enlarged. Spiracles located on the dorsal surface. ength of larva, in its curled-up position, about 13 mm.; when straightened out, about 16-17 m.; greatest diameter 7 mm.

The pupa.- The pupa is shown in Plate XLVIII, 79. The size of the pupae varies considerably. The average of the measurements of six pupae (table 9) showed the average length to be 14.2 millimeters and the width, taken across the prothorax, 5.76 millimeters.

TABLE 9. MEASUREMENTS OF THE PUPA OF CALENDRA PERTINAX OLIV.

The pupa is large, naked, and dirty white in color. It may be described as follows:

From the dorsal view: Head almost or entirely concealed by the prothorax. Prothorax a little longer than the meso- and metathorax combined. Eight spines on the surface of the prothorax, arranged in pairs, near the four corners of the subrectangular dorsum. Mesothorax terminating in a triangular lobe, without spines or setae. Metathorax with two prominent setae. On each of first six abdominal segments a transverse row of setae arranged as follows: segment 1, with a group of three setae on each side of the median line and one laterally just above the spiracle; segments 2 to 6, inclusive, with the same arrangement except that the groups laterad of the median line have four setae; segment 7 with one seta on the lateral margin; segment 8 with stout spines, arranged in groups of fours, on the posterior margin.

From the ventral view: Rostrum stout, reaching to the prothoracic tarsi. One pair of spines at the base of rostrum and another pair in line with the base of the antennae. Antennae elbowed and reaching almost to the tips of the femora. Each femur with a stout spine near the distal end. Wings reaching to the ends of the hind femora. On the eight abdominal segments, in each of the outer two apices, eight spines, arranged in groups of fours.

The adult. Blatchley and Leng (1916) describe the adult (Plate XLVIII, 78) as follows:

Elongate-oval. Black or reddish-black, shining, the interspaces of thorax and flat alternate intervals of elytra covered with a dirty white coating. Beak as in key, three-fourths the length of the thorax, finely and sparsely punctate, foveate and finely grooved above at base. Thorax longer than wide, foveate and finely constricted; vittae entire, the median one widest at middle, narrowed before and behind; lateral ones with edges sinuous, branched as described

above; interspaces and sides of disc coarsely punctate. Elytra broadest at humeri, sides feebly converging to apical fourth, then more strongly to the rounded apex; striae with rather coarse, regular punctures; the broader and more convex intervals somewhat interrupted, minutely and sparsely punctate. Length 11-15 mm.

Notaris puncticollis Lec.5

According to Blatchley and Leng (1916), Notaris puncticollis Lec. (Plate XLVIII, 83) ranges from Newfoundland and Quebec to Minnesota and as far south as the Ohio River. The host plants reported for this species are cabbage, Peltandra virginica, and Typha latifolia. Webster (1893), writing of Notaris puncticollis, says:

In Wayne County, Ohio, a field of this swamp land was underdrained last year, and last January was plowed; no further cultivation being given it until late spring, when it was prepared and planted to cabbage, about 50,000 in number, set late in June. These have been attacked and many of them destroyed by the adults of two species of Rhynchophora (Listronotus appendiculatus Boh, and Erycus puncticollis Lec.). The former is supposed to be the chief depredator, though I myself saw the latter attacking the plants. First, great cavities are gouged out of the stems of the young plants, and later the base of the larger leaves are attacked from beneath.. It is not unlikely that one and perhaps both of these species breed in Sagittaria, though I have some reasons for suspecting that the Erycus may breed in the common Typha latifolia or cat-tail.

On August 19, 1915, at the field station in Renwick Marsh, W. A. Hoffman found the adult of Notaris puncticollis Lec. in the burrow in the stem of Typha. The burrow appeared very much the same as that of Calendra pertinax. The writer, however, has not been able to find this species during the course of his studies.

HEMIPTERA

Ischnorrhynchus resedae Panz.6

Ischnorrhynchus resedae Panz. is an insect belonging to the family Lygaeidae. It is of general distribution, being reported from Europe, Asia, Central America, Mexico, Canada, and the United States. Among its host plants are included birch, conifer, heath, arbutus, Typha latifolia, and T. angustifolia. The two species of Typha are here reported for the first time.

Life history and habits

Egg-laying.

The eggs are laid in the spring, during May and June. They are deposited singly in the pappus of the old cat-tail heads of the

• Determined by C. W. Leng.

Determined by Dr. H. H. Knight.

previous year. They are attached either to the seeds or to the pappus. When the egg hatches, the nymph either opens the cap or breaks through the egg shell, bursting it near the top.

The nymphs. The various nymphal stages and the adults were first observed on the overwintering cat-tail heads in the summer of 1916. It was at first assumed that they were merely accidentally present on the cat-tail heads, but closer examination revealed that the bugs were feeding on the dry seeds of the heads.

The nymphs obtain their nourishment by thrusting the stylets of their beaks into the dry seeds (Plate XLIV, 53 and 55). During feeding, the long labium is often folded back under the body. In just what manner the bugs are able to extract nourishment from the dry seeds the author has not been able to determine. When crushed on the slide and examined under the microscope, the seeds show very little moisture. It is very probable that the insects secrete a fluid which dissolves or predigests the dry food material before it is taken into the body. The author has succeeded in rearing nymphs to the adult stage on these dry heads of cat-tail alone with no other food available. When placed on the green leaves of the cat-tail, the nymphs insert their beaks and feed. They are easily disturbed while feeding on the seeds in the laboratory. At the slightest provocation they rise up on their hind legs, quickly extract their stylets, and, by means of their front legs, stroke the stylets back into the labium. The labium is then folded into place and the nymph retreats to some sheltered place.

The adult.

Adults were found mating in May and June. The female inserts her ovipositor into the male and copulation lasts from six to nine minutes. Mating is repeated a number of times at intervals of from five to ten minutes.

Description of the stages

The egg (Plate XLIV, 47)

Length 0.93 mm. to 1 mm., greatest diameter 0.29-0.30 mm. Egg elongate oval in shape, tapering considerably at the posterior end, and closed by a cap at the anterior end. This cap with a cone-shaped protuberance in the center and surrounded by a circle of hooked spines. The upper two-fifths of the egg finely reticulated; the lower three-fifths with longitudinal wavy and branching ridges. Color lemon yellow at first, turning bright red before the nymph emerges. Empty egg shell white. The egg closely resembling the seed of cattail, both possessing caps and very similar markings on the surface.

The first-stage nymph (Plate XLIV, 48)

Length 0.857 mm.; greatest width, across wing pads, 0.280 mm. Length of antenna 0.428 mm. When first emerging from the egg, the general color of the nymph bright red. Eyes carmine red. Abdomen, vertex of head, and lateral margins of the body, of a darker color than the rest of the body. Thorax, front of head, antennae, and legs, of a light yellowish color. Several hours after hatching, nymph of a different appearance: Head, thorax, and tip of the abdomen very dark red, almost brown. Abdomen carmine, mottled with yellow. Legs and antennae greenish yellow, the antennae lighter at the joints. The epicranial suture and the median dorsal thoracic line lighter in color.

The second-stage nymph (Plate XLIV, 51)

mm.

Length 1.5 mm.; greatest width, across wing pads, 0.368 mm. Length of antenna 0.575 General color carmine red. Head and thorax dark reddish brown. Intermixed with the red color of the abdomen, many yellowish blotches. Antennae dark red, lighter at the joints. Rostrum somewhat lighter than the rest of the head. Epicranial suture and median thoracic line pale. First thoracic segment uniformly dark; in the second segment the dark color restricted to two rectangular patches; in the third segment the darker color present in two transverse lines. The dorsal glands showing as short, brown, transverse lines between the abdominal segments 3 and 4, 4 and 5, and 5 and 6.

The third-stage nymph (Plate XLIV, 50)

Length 2.08 mm.; greatest width, across wing pads, 0.598 mm. Length of antennae 0.69 mm. General color a little darker than in the preceding stage. Head uniformly dark brown, except for the lighter epicranial suture and a lighter spot on the rostrum. Head and thorax covered with faint white pile. In this stage the pro- and mesothorax uniformly dark brown, with the dark patches on the metathorax a little wider than in the preceding stage. The light median line on the thorax present as in the previous stages. The mottled appearance of the red and yellow color of the abdomen more pronounced in this stage. Dorsal glands more plainly visible. Wing pads just beginning to show. Entire body more hairy than in preceding stages.

The fourth-stage nymph (Plate XLIV, 49)

mm.

Length 2.71 mm.; greatest width, across wing pads, 0.989 mm. Length of antennae 1.04 Color of head and thorax dark brown. Epicranial suture and median dorsal line of thorax light red. Rostrum of head with a short black longitudinal line on each side. Eyes carmine red. Antennae slightly lighter than head and thorax, much lighter at the joints. Dorsum of prothorax on each side with a blackish, triangular, transverse spot, as shown in Plate XLIV, 49. Wing pads extending 5 mm. beyond the posterior margin of the mesothorax. The mottled color of the abdomen much as in the preceding stage. The white pile on the head and thorax thicker and more plainly visible than in preceding stages. Dorsal glands as in third stage.