7. Yesterday you called the girls to you. 8. We have never opened your letters.

9. I have kept my word. 10. You have never broken your word. 11. They have accused you of theft. 12. The judge has condemned us to death (215). 13. We will not accuse you of treachery. shall not remain in the city.

14. We

LESSON XLVII.

Subjunctive Mood.-Four Conjugations.

261. PARADIGM of the Subjunctive Mood.

IMPERFECT (1st root), might, could, would, or should.

Amav-ĕrim,

PERFECT (2d root), may have.

Mõnu-ĕrim, Rex-ĕrim, Audív-ĕrim,

Amáv-ĕris,

Mõnu-ĕris,

Rex-ĕris,

Audív-ĕris,

Rex-ĕrit; Audív-ĕrit;

Rex-ĕrimus,

Audív-ĕrimus,

PARADIGM-continued.

PLUPERFECT (2d root), might, could, would, or should

Amav-issēs,

Mõnu-issēs,

Rex-issěm,

Rex-issēs,

Audív-issěm,
Audīv-issēs,

Amav-issět; Mõnu-issět; Rex-issět; Audiv-issět; Amav-issēmus, Mõnu-issēmus, Rex-issēmus, Audīv-issēmus, Amav-issētis, Mõnu-issētis, Rex-issētis, Audiv-issētis,

Rex-issent.

Audīv-issent.

REM.-It will be observed that throughout the subjunctive the 1st person sing. ends in m.

262. The subjunctive with ut is used to express a result; e. g.,

Tantum est frīgus ut nix nōn liquescăt.

The cold is so great that the snow does not melt.

263. The subjunctive with ut, denoting result, generally depends upon a proposition which contains some word signifying so, such, so great, &c.; thus, in the above example, it depends upon tantum (so great, or such).

264. Hence, in turning English into Latin, that after so, such, so great, &c., must be translated by ut, and the verb which follows must be put in the subjunctive. (See example above.)

265. When the subjunctive depends upon a verb in the present, perfect definite, or future, it must be put in the present tense, unless it represents its action as com pleted at the time denoted by the principal verb; and then it must be in the perfect; e. g.,

1. Tantă est puĕrī industriă ut multă discăt.

The boy's industry is so great that he learns much.

2. Nescio quid dixerit.

I do not know what he has said.

REM.-In the first example, the subjunctive discăt (learns) is in the present tense, because the time of its action is the same as that of est (pres.) on which it depends, and in the second example dixerit (he has said) is in the perfect, because it represents its action as completed at the time denoted by nescið (i. e. pres.).

266. When the subjunctive depends upon a verb in the imperfect, perfect indefinite, or pluperfect, it must be put in the imperfect tense, unless it represents its action as completed at the time denoted by the principal verb, and then it must be in the pluperfect, e. g.,

1. Tantă ĕrăt puĕrī industriă ut multă discerět. The boy's industry was so great that he learned much.

2. Nescivi quid dixisset.

I did not know what he had said.

REM.-The imperf. disceret represents its action as not completed, while the pluperfect dixisset represents its action as completed.

266. A few adjectives in Latin are often used merely to specify some particular part of the nouns to which they belong; e. g",

In summo on the highest mountain (Lat. Id.). on the top of the mountain (Eng. Id.). in the middle waters (Lat. Id.).

montě,

In mediis

ăquis,

in the middle (or midst) of the waters

(a) 1. Venit ut me audiat. 2. Veni ut vos audiam. 3. Venērunt ut nos audiant. 4. Venērunt ut te audī rent. 5. Ne violētis fidem. 6. In summo monte tantum est frigus ut nix ibi nunquam liquescat.

7. In summis Alpibus tantum erat frigus ut nix ibi nunquam liquesceret. 8. Venit ut patriam auro vendat. 9. Venisti ut patriam auro vendĕres. 10. Avis in summa arbore cantabat. 11. Multum voluptatis cepĕram.

(b) 1. The cold is so great that the snow does not melt (265). 2. The cold has been so great that the snow has not yet melted (265). 3. The cold was so great on the top of the mountain that the snow did not melt there (266). 4. The cold was so great on the top of the Alps that the snow did not melt there (266). 5. I have come to learn. 6. You have come to play.

10

7. Let him keep his word. 8. Do not break your word. 9. Do not sell your country for gold. 10. On the top1o of the mountain the snow never melts. 11. On the top of the Alps the snow never melts. 12. The fish is swimming in the middle1o of the water.

LESSON XLVIII.

Indicative and Subjunctive Moods, continued.-Verbs in io of the Third Conjugation.-Demonstrative Pronouns.

270. A FEW verbs of the third conjugation are inflected (i. e. form their tenses, numbers, and persons) in the present, imperfect, and future indicative, and in the present subjunctive, like verbs of the fourth conjugation. The following is an example.

REM. In the present, first and second persons plural, the ; in the penult is short; as, căpimus, căpitis.

271. Paradigm of Verbs in io of the Third Conjugation.

Căpěrě, to take; 1st root, căp; 2d, cēẽp.