367. The want of a participle for the perfect active is supplied by the ablative absolute, or by quum (when) with the perfect or pluperfect subjunctive. The perfect subjunctive must be used, if the other verb is in the present tense; e. g.,

Caesar having conquered (Caesăr, quum vīcisset hostēs. Caesar, victis hostibus.

his enemies,

368. VOCABULARY.

Aequitas, atis, equity, justice.
Angustiae, arum (pl.), a narrow
pass, defile.

Cănĕrě, cěcín, cant, to sing.
Compellere, compul, compuls, to
drive, compel.
Constituěrě, constitu, constitut,
to arrange, constitute.
Deprehendĕrě, deprehend, de-
prehens, to seize, catch.

Děvincěrě, devic, devict, to con

quer. Exclamare, av, at, to cry out, exclaim.

Immergĕrě, immers, immers, to

plunge into, immerse.

Lūdĕrě, lūs, lūs, to play, to sport.
Mănērě, mans, mans, to remain.
Quùm, when.

Violare, av, at, to violate, to break.

369. Exercises.

(a) 1. In via ludentem puerum vidi. 2. In via ludentes deprehendimus. 3. Caesar fugientes hostes in angustias compulit. 4. Fracto puĕri brachio, Romae manebit. 5. Violatis patriae legibus, vita indignus 6. Puer, quum manus in aquam immersisset, exclamavit. 7. Caesar, quum devicisset hostes, summa aequitate res constituit.

est.

(b) 1. Did you hear the nightingales singing in the grove? 2. I saw the fishes swimming on the surface (top) of the water.10 3. Did you see the girls playing in the garden? 4. Have you not seen the boys playing in the street? 5. Caius, having broken his arm, remained at Rome. 6. The slave, having killed his

master, was condemned. 7. They say that the slave has been condemned to death. 8. You are said to have been accused of treason. 9. Having violated the laws of the state, we shall all be punished.

LESSON LXIII.

Gerunds and Supines.

370. THE Gerund is that part of the verb which corresponds to the participial substantive in ing in English. 371. The gerund is really a verbal substantive of the neuter gender, used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular.

REM-The infinitive supplies the place of the nominative of the gerund, as that is sometimes used as the subject of a verb (184). 372. The genitive of the gerund ends, in the four conjugations, respectively in

Amandi (of loving), mõnendî, règendî, audiendî.

373. The gerund is declined in the parts in use precisely like a neuter noun of the second declension; e. g.,

REM.-The gerund, being a part of the verb of course governs the

same case.

374. RULE OF SYNTAX.-The gerund is governed like a noun in the same case; e. g.,

Inter ludendum.

(During playing.)

While they are playing.

375. The Latin verb has two supines; one in um and one in u.

376. The supines are formed by adding the above endings to the third root; e. g.,

Amātum (to love), mõnĭtăm, rectum, audītum.
Amātū (to be loved), mõnĭtū, rectū, audītū.

REM.-The supine in um is generally Englished by the present infinitive active, and that in u by the present infinitive passive, though it may be translated by the active, if that gives better English Both supines are really active; thus, factum means for doing, and factu in doing.

377. RULE OF SYNTAX.-The supine in um follows verbs of motion, to express the purpose or object of that motion; e. g.,

Mittit lēgātōs pācēm pētītum.

He sends ambassadors to sue for peace.

378. RULE OF SYNTAX.-The supine in u is used after adjectives signifying good or bad, easy or difficult, agreeable or disagreeable, &c.; e. g.,

Difficile est dictu.

It is difficult to say.

379. RULE OF SYNTAX.-Many adjectives signifying desire, knowledge, skill, participation, recollection, fulness,

and the like, together with their contraries, govern the

Căpĭdūs, ă, ŭm, desirous, desi- | Rògárě, āv, át, to ask.

rous of.

Sumptus, ūs, expense.

Jūcundus, ǎ, um, pleasant, de- Supervăcuŭs, ă, ŭm, unnecessary.

(a) 1. Cupidi sunt docendi. 2. Num puĕri ludendo discunt? 3. Puer cupidus est discendi. 4. Misērunt legātos pacem petītum. 5. Legatos ad Caesărem mittunt rogātum auxilium. 6. Jucundum est audītu. 7 Difficile est factu. 8. Mittantur legāti pacem petītum. 9. Quantum temporis ludendo amiserunt! 10. Multum temporis ludendo amittēmus.

(b) 1. He learns by teaching. 2. Have we not learned by teaching? 3. Is there not much pleasure in learning? 4. How much pleasure (there) is in learning! 5. There is much pleasure in teaching. 6. Do not boys learn while playing? 7. The boy has been sent a hunting. 8. Caesar has sent the fourth legion to forage. 9. Ambassadors have been sent to ask peace. 10. It is difficult to say. 11. It is wonderful to tell. 12. Has not Caesar sent the fourth legion to bring water?

LESSON LXIV.

Participle in dus.

382. INSTEAD of a gerund governing its case, we may use a participle in dus agreeing with a noun; e. g., (Eng.) The intention of writing a letter. (Lat.) Consilium scribendi ĕpistŏlăm. (or) Consilium scribendae epistolae.*

383. Thus, then, ěpistolă scrībendă may be declined throughout.

Sing.

N. Epistola scribenda, a letter to be written.
G. epistolae scribendae, of writing a letter.

D. epistolae scribendae, to or for writing a letter.
Acc. (ad) epistolam scribendam, to write a letter (or
for writing a letter).

Abl. epistola scribendā, by writing a letter

Plur.

N.

epistolae scribendae, letters to be written.

G. epistolarum scribendarum, of writing letters.
D. epistolis scribendis, to or for writing letters.
Acc. (ad) epistolas scribendas, to write letters (or for
writing letters).

Abl. epistolis scribendis, by writing letters.

*The real meaning of 'consilium scribendae epistolae' is 'the design

of (about) a letter to be written.'