REM.-The genitive endings are usually added to the word after the ending of the nominative is dropped; but, as this is not always the case, it becomes necessary, in order to decline a noun correctly, to know both the nominative and the genitive: accordingly, both these forms are given in the Vocabularies.

63. The Genitive Case expresses possession, and the various relations denoted by the preposition of, and accordingly corresponds both to the English Possessive, and the English Objective with of; as, rēgis corōnă, the king's crown (or the crown of the king); ămor glōriae, the love of glory.

64. The subject of a proposition may have a noun denoting a different person or thing connected with it, to explain or limit its meaning. The subject is then said to be modified by such noun; e. g.

Subject not modified.

1. Filius rēgnābit. The son will reign.

Subject modified.

2. Regis filius rēgnābit.

The son of the king will reign.

REM. The genitive rēgis (of the king), in the above example, modifies filius (the son); i. e. it shows that the predicate rēgnābit

* In this ending is long except in spěī, fĭdễī, and rễi.

(will reign) is not affirmed of every son, but only of the son of the king.

a) In the example, the limiting genitive stands before the noun which it limits. This seems to be the more common order, when no emphasis is intended, though we often find it reversed.

b) If the noun which is limited by the genitive is emphatic, or is a monosyllable, it generally stands before the genitive; e. g.

1. Cicero, pătĕr pătriae.

Cicero, the father of (his) country.

2. Lex naturae.

The law of nature.

REM.-In the first example, păter is emphatic, and in the second, lex is a monosyllable; they accordingly stand before their genitives, 65. RULE OF SYNTAX.-A noun limiting the meaning of another noun is put,

1) In the same case as that noun, when it denotes the same person or thing; e. g. Lătīnus rex, Latinus the king (59, REM. 1).

2) In the genitive, when it denotes a different person or thing; e. g. Rēgis filius, the son of

the king.

* The genitive is given in the Vocabulary; and the pupil may determine from the genitive ending to which declension the noun belongs.

(a) 1. Servus dormit. 2. Balbi servus dormiet. 3. Filius ludit. 4. Regis filius ludebat. 5. Reginae pater docebat. 6. Filia ridebat.

8. Amicus regis cadet.

7. Filia reginae ridebat.

9. Balbus servus veniēbat. 10. Balbi servus dormit. 11. Pastor cantābit. 12. Canis pastōris mordēbit. 13. Mordebunt. 14. Filia pastoris nebit. 15. Regis amicus timēbit. 16. Caius, regis amīcus, timēbit. 17. Tullia, regis filia, cantābat.

(b) 1. The brother will conquer. 2. The king will conquer. 3. The brother of the king will conquer. 4. The daughter of the king is singing. 5. The queen will read. 6. The daughter of the queen will read. 7. The father of Balbus was laughing.

8. The shepherd's dog (the dog of the shepherd) will bite. 9. The boy's dog will bite. 10. The husbandman's dog will play. 11. The soldier will fight. 12. The son of the soldier will fight. 13. Latinus the king was conquering. 14. The shepherd's daughter (the daughter of the shepherd) is spinning.

LESSON XIII.

Nouns.-Accusative Case.-Direct Object of Predicate. 68. EVERY noun consists of two distinct parts, viz:1) The Root, or that part which remains un changed throughout the various cases of both numbers; as mūs in mūsă, mūsae, and mūsăm. 2) The Endings, which are added to the root to form these cases; thus, in the forms just noticed, viz., mūsă, mūsae, and mūsăm, the endings are ă, ae, and ăm.

69. In any noun, of whatever declension, 1) The root may be found by dropping the ending of the genitive singular (62); as, mūsă, Gen. mūsae; root, mūs: servus, Gen. servi; root, serv: honor, Gen. honoris; root, honor, &c. 2) Any case may be formed (with a few exceptions) by adding to this root the proper end. ing.

70. 1) The Accusative Singular of neuter nouns is the same as the Nominative; e. g., Nom. sceptrum, a sceptre; Accus. sceptrum.

2) The Accusative Singular of masculine and feminine nouns is formed from the root, by adding one* of the following

* If the noun is of the first declension, the learner will, of course, add

the ending given for the first declension; if of the second, the cnding given for the second; and so on.

71. The accusative case corresponds very nearly to the English objective, and is used after transitive verbs and certain prepositions.

72. When a verb represents its subject as acting upon some other person or thing, it is said to be tran sitive; and the person or thing upon which the action is exerted, is called its direct object; e. g.

Servius imperium administrăt.
(Servius the government administers.)
Servius administers the government.

73. In English the object is placed after the verb; thus, government is placed after administers; but in Latin the object precedes the verb; thus, imperium precedes administrāt.

74. RULE OF SYNTAX.-The Direct Object of an action is put in the accusative.