(a) 1. Caius puellam laudat. 2. Puer murum aedificabat. 3. Rex puěrum ridet. 4. Puer mortem vitat. 5. Puella diem sperabat. 6. Puella viam monstrābit. 7. Servus dominum occidit.

9. Rex senatum timet.

8. Puella puerum laudat. 10. Puer canem timēbit. 11. Epistolam scribit. 12. Puer canem occidebat. 13. Mortem vitant.

14. Mortem timent. 15. Balbus servus dominum timēbit. 16. Balbum servum docent. 17. Balbi filius puĕrum laudabat.

(b) 1. The boy will show the road. 2. Balbus is building a wall. 3. Caius was praising the boy. 4. The slave is showing the way. 5. The king hopes for the day. 6. The girl will shun the dog.

7. The dog will bite the girl. 8. Father is writing a letter. 9. The father will praise the daughter. 10. They are building a wall. 11. They are killing the slave. 12. The king's son will play. 13. The king fears death. 14. The death of the father will terrify the son.

LESSON XIV.

Nouns.-Accusative, continued.—Adverbial Modifiers.

77. RULE OF SYNTAX.-Certain qualifying words, called adverbs, are often connected with verbs, merely to modify their meaning; e. g.,

1. Miles fortiter pūgnǎt.
(The soldier bravely fights.)
The soldier fights bravely.

2. Mīles non pugnat.

(The soldier not fights.) The soldier does not fight.

REM.-In these examples, fortiter (bravely) and non (not) are adverbs modifying pūgnăt. In Latin the adverb generally precedes the verb, as in these instances.

(a) 1. Servius pugnat.

2. Servius fortiter pugnat. 3. Mors Christianum non† terret. 4. Agricola anguem timēbit. 5. Agricola anguem non timebit. 6. Pater

* In this and the following Vocabularies, either the genitive or its ending is given immediately after each substantive.

† In translating nōn before a verb, place 'not' after the English tense-sign; thus, non terrět, does not terrify, or is not terrifying.

8. Ma

filiam audiebat. 7. Pater filii vocem audiebat. ter vocem negliget. 9. Mater filiae vocem non negliget.

10. Caius legem negligebat. 11. Christianus pecuniam negliget. 12. Pecuniam negligent. 13. Puěrum docent. 14. Christianus mortem non timet.

(b) 1. The husbandman will fight. 2. The husbandman will not fight. 3. Servius fears death. 4. Servius does not fear death. 5. The slave hears the voice of (his) master. 6. The boy was killing the dog. 7. The boy was killing the shepherd's dog. 8. The dog will not bite. 9. Servius will avenge the death of the king.

10. They do not fear death. 11. They will fight bravely. 12. Caius is teaching the boy. 13. The daughter of the queen is singing. 14. They did not hear (were not hearing). 15. They will not disregard the law.

LESSON XV.

Nouns.-Dative Case.-Indirect Object of Predicate.

80. THE Dative Case in Latin corresponds to the objective with to or for in English; as, mūsă, a muse; Dat. mūsae, to or for a muse.

81. The Dative Singular of a noun may be formed by adding to its root one of the following

* Neuter nouns of the fourth declension are exceptions, as they have

the dative singular like the nominative.

In this ending es long except in spěī, fĭděī, and rỗi.

EXAMPLES.

Genitive.

Root. Ending.

Dative.

Dec. I. Musae, of a muse; mus
II. Servi, of a slave; serv
III. Hònōris, of honor; hõnōr-I; hònōrī, “
IV. Fructus, of fruit; fructui; fructui,

- ae; mūsae, to or for a muse.

V. Diel, of day;

di

66

66

- ō; servō,

a slave.

66

an honor.

66

66

a fruit.

82. The person or thing to or for which any thing is, or is done, is called an indirect object; e. g.,

Balbus puero viăm monstrăt.

(Balbus to the boy the way shows.)
Balbus shows the way to the boy.

REM.—In the example it will be observed that the indirect object precedes the direct. This is the more common order, though not unfrequently reversed.

83. RULE OF SYNTAX.-Any transitive verb may take the accusative of the direct object and the dative of the indirect object.

✦ Dăre is of the first conjugation, with ǎ short, contrary to the gene

ral rule.

(a) 1. Pastor viam monstrat. 2. Pastor puero viam monstrat. 3. Puer viam monstrabit. 4. Puer pastōri viam monstrabit. 5. Servus portam claudet. 6. Servus regi portam claudet.

7. Romulus urbem condebat. 8. Agricola anguem reperit. 9. Miles agricolae domum evertet. 10. Regis sceptrum videbant.

Leōnem timebant.

11. Milīti viam monstrant. 12.

(b) 1. The slave is building a wall. 2. The slave is building a wall for the king. 3. The boy was showing the road. 4. The boy was showing the road to the husbandman. 5. The husbandman is showing the road to the boy. 6. They will declare war against the city.

7. They are founding a city for the queen. 8. They will not disregard the law. 9. They were writing for the king. 10. They will accuse the boy. 11. They were praising the queen. 12. They will praise the queen's daughter. 13. The king will declare war against the senate. 14. The king will give the city to (his) son.