LESSON XVIII.

Nouns.-Second Declension.-Nouns in us and ŭm.

100. To the Second Declension belong all nouns which have the genitive singular in 7 (62). They end in us, ī um, er, and r (except a few Greek nouns. See 174).

101. In this declension nouns in um are grammatically neuter; and the rest (with a few exceptions*) are grammatically masculine; unless their gender is determined by their signification, according to previous rules (40, 44).

102. In nouns in us and um, of this declension, the root is found by dropping the nominative ending; as, serv-us, a slave; root, serv: rēgn-um, a kingdom; root, rēgn.

103. Nouns in us are declined by adding to the root the following

* It has not been thought best to burden the memory of the learner with lists of exceptions, at this early stage of his study. Accordingly, general rules, covering the great majority of cases, are given for immediate and constant use, thus the pupil may fix the general principles of the language, and become better prepared to understand and recollect the exceptions as they occur in his lessons. Such exceptions, whether pertaining to gender or other subjects, will be marked in the Vocabularies.

The vocative singular, in nouns in us of this declension, is not like the nominative (see 55 and Lote). Proper nouns in ius drop the ending ĕ in the vocative singular; as, Tullius (proper name), Voc. Tulli. Filius, a son, and géniŭs, a guardian angel, also drop the ending è in the voca tive singular.

REM.-It will be well for the pupil to accustom himself to compare the several cases with each other, and to associate together such as are alike, or nearly so.

104. Nouns in um are declined by adding to the root the following

REM. 1.-In neuters of all declensions, the nom., acc., and voc. are alike in each number, and in the plural end in ă, as in the paradigm just given.

and voc.).

REM. 2.-Neuters in um are declined like masculines in us of this declension, except in the cases just mentioned (nom., acc., Comparo paradigms.

docebat. 3. Servus dominum occidet. 4. Servi domĭnos timent. 5. Balbus filios laudabit. 6. Servus domini filios timet. 7. Servi dominōrum filios timebunt. 8. Puellae dɔlōrem sentiēbant. 9. Servi muros aedificabunt.

10. Pastor filiis canem dabit. 11. Pastor

filiabus* haedurn dabit.

(b) 1. Balbus will instruct the slave. 2. Caius will punish the pupil. 3. They will instruct (their) pupils. 4. The slaves will fear Balbus. 5. The master was punishing (his) slaves. 6. Caius will kill the wolf. 7. Wolves will kill lambs. 8. The wolves do not see (see not) the kids.

wars

9. Caius was waging war. 10. They are waging 11. Balbus will fight. 12. The sons of Balbus will fight. 13. The master is teaching the boys. 14. The master is teaching his pupils in the garden. 15. The girls were walking in the garden. 16. He was playing in the meadow. 17. They will play in the fields. 18. The slaves were reading (their) master's letters.

* Filiă has the dative and ablative plur. in abus, to distinguish it from the same cases of filius.

LESSON XIX.

Nouns.-Second Declension, continued.—Nouns in
ĕr and ir.

107. NOUNS in er and ir, of the second declension, have the nominative and vocative singular alike, and in all the other cases are declined like servus (103), with the single exception that most nouns in ĕr-drop ĕ in the root.

PARADIGMS.

1. Gěněr, a son-in-law: root, gener (ĕ not dropped).

2. Agĕr, a field: root, agr (ĕ dropped).

Vir (a man) and its compounds are the only nouns in ir, and

109. Exercises.

(a) 1. Puer in agro ludit. 2. Pueri in agris ludē bant. 3. Magister pueros docebit. 4. Magistri disci půlos docebunt. 5. Magister pueris libros dabit. 6. Armigerum occidebant.

7. Pater diligentiam (64, b) filiōrum laudabat. 8. Regīnae filia in luco ambulabat. 9. Lusciniae in lucis cantant. 10. Magistri legem non negligent. 11. Puĕri vulpem non occident.

(b) 1. The boy was running in the fields. 2. The boys will run in the fields. 3. The boys saw the mas ter's book. 4. The pupils will give the master a book (a book to the master). 5. They will give books to (their) masters. 6. He will punish the armor-bearer. 7. He will accuse (his) son-in-law. 8. They will accuse (their) sons-in-law.

9. The master was praising (his) pupils. 10. The master was praising the diligence of (his) pupils. 11. The pupils do not hear the master. 12. The slaves will shut the gates of the city. 13. The boys were reading in the garden. 14. The girls are reading in the meadow.

LESSON XX.

Adjectives of the First and Second Declension.

110. THE Adjective is that part of speech which is used to qualify substantives; as, bonus, good; māgnus, great.

111. The form of the adjective often depends, in part, upon the gender of the noun which it qualifies;