praise the judge. 14. They praise the judges. 15. Christians will observe the laws of the city. 16. He does not observe the laws of the city. 17. Good citizens will not violate the laws. 18. The boy is accusing his sister. 19. They are accusing their fathers. 20. Traitors will sell their country for gold. 21. They think little of' virtue. 22. They prize money highly.* 3 LESSON XXVI. Nouns.-Third Declension.-Class IV. 137. CLASS IV. comprises nouns of the third declension in as, os, us, ls, ns, rs, and most of those These form the root by changing s into r, t, in es. or d. 1) Nouns in as, ls, ns, rs, and most of those in es, generally change s into t: as, piētās, piety; root, pietat: mons, a mountain; root, mont: abies, a fir-tree; root, abiet: mīlēs, a soldier; root, mīlīt. (See REM. 2, below.) REM. 1.-Masculines in as, of Greek origin, insert n before t in the root: as, ělěphās, an elephant; root, éléphant. REM. 2.-Many nouns in es change e into i, before t, in the root: as, miles; root, mīlīt. 2) Nouns in os and us generally change s into r or t: as, flōs, a flower; root, flōr: săcerdōs, a priest; root, săcerdōt: virtūs, virtue; root, virtut: genus, a kind; root, gěněr: tempus, time; root, tempor. REM.-Most nouns in us change s into r, and u of the nominative becomes ĕ or ŏ in the root, as in these examples. 138. The Latin, like every other language, has certain forms of expression peculiar to itself, called Idioms:* e. g., REM. These (†) are neuter adjectives used as nouns; they govern the genitive by the rule already given (65). * These should be carefully compared with the corresponding English. A table presenting the Differences of Idiom between the Latin and Eng lish is inserted in this volume for the benefit of the learner. See p. 275. temporis perdebat. 3. Figūra nihil habet stabilitātis. 4. Improbi leges civitatis violābunt. 5. Servus elephantis corpus puero monstrabat. 6. Improbi virtutem parvi aestimant. 7. Milites urbem custodient. 8. Sacerdotes bonam legem non violābunt. 9. Discipuli multum temporis perdunt. 10. Indocti multum voluptatis amittunt. (b) 1. The boy will waste much time. 2. They will lose much pleasure. 3. The state will observe its laws. 4. The soldiers are violating the laws of the state. 5. The king will punish the soldiers. 6. The priests were praising the queen. 7. The good queen will praise the priests. 8. The soldiers will fear the enemy. 9. The good value wisdom highly. 10. He will laugh at the unlearned. 11. He is losing much time. 12. The unlearned lose much pleasure. 2 LESSON XXVII. Nouns.-Third Declension, continued.—Genitives in ium.-Gender. 141. Ir has already been mentioned (128, REM.) that some nouns of the third declension have the genitive plural in ium instead of um. These are, 1) Neuters in e, al, and ar: as, mărě, mărium; ănimal, animalium. 2) Nouns in is and es of Class III.: as, hostis, 3) All monosyllables in s or x preceded by a REM. The use of ium in words not included in the above classes must be learned from observation. 142. The gender of nouns of the third declension, when not determined by their signification (40, 44), may generally be ascertained from their endings, by the following RULES FOR GRAMMATICAL GENDER. 1) Masculines.-Most nouns in er, or, os es, increasing in the genitive, and o, except do, go, and io, are masculine; e. g., āēr, air; honor, honor; flōs, a flower; pēs (gen. pědís), a foot; sermo, a discourse. 2) Feminines. Most nouns in do, go, io, as, is, ys aus, s preceded by a consonant, x, and es not increasing in the genitive, are feminine; e. g., ărundo, a reed; imago, an image; ōrātio, an oration; aestās, summer; turris, a tower; laus, praise; hiems, winter; lex, a law; nūbēs (gen. nūbis), a cloud. 3) Neuters. Most nouns in a, e, i, y, c, l, n, t, ar, ur, and us, are neuter; e. g., mărě, a sea; poēmă, a poem; lāc, milk; ănămăl, an animal; flumen, a river; căput, a head, &c. For exceptions, see Table of Genders (579). 2. (a) 1. Veram animi magnitudinem laudabunt. Christiani leges bonas non violabunt. 3. Puĕri multum temporis perdunt. 4. Puer caput aperiet. 5. Servus urbis portas claudit. 6. Servi dominum suum vindicabunt. 7. Puer patris vocem audit. 8. Gender, when not given, must be determined by previous rules. |