Cingĕrě, to surround; cing, cinx (cings).

a) In a very few verbs gu and v must be treated as l-sounds in the formation of the second root; e. g.,

Exstinguěrě, to extinguish; exstingu, extinx.

Vīvěrě, to live;

vīv,

vix.

b) Fluěrě, to flow, and struěrě, to build, together with their compounds, have the second root in x, as if the first ended in a k-sound, as probably it did originally. c) The k-sound is sometimes dropped before s in the second root; e g.,

Símŭlatið, ōnĭs, assumed appearance, pretence (dissimulation

Stultitiă, ae,

follv

(stultify).

(a) 1. Puer dixit. 2. Caius, homo vita indignus, dixerat. 3. Puellae dixerunt. 4. Flumen urbem cinxit. 5. Flumina urbes cinxerunt.

amīci corpus suo pallio texit.

6. Amicus

8.

7. Prudentiam simulatiōne stultitiae texĕrat. Summam prudentiam simulatiōne stultitiae texērunt. 9. Christiani non est mendacio culpam tegere. 10. Turpe est peccare. 11. Turpe est mendacio culpam tegĕre. 12. Sol cuncta sua luce illustravĕrat. 13. Caius leges civitātis violavĕrit.

(b) 1. The woman has surrounded her head with a garland. 2. The slave has surrounded his head with a garland. 3. They had surrounded their heads with garlands. 4. The boy had said nothing. 5. The girl cooked the food. 6. They had cooked the food.

7. The king had surrounded the city with a wall. 8. They will surround the city with a wall. 9. They covered the fault with a lie. 10. It is disgraceful to cover a fault with a lie. 11. The slave had covered his master's body with a cloak. 12. The slave had said many (things). 13. The sun fills all things with its light. 14. It is the business of the slave' to cook food for his master. 15. It is never useful to lose time. 16. He will lose much pleasure. 17. How much pleasure will he lose?

LESSON XXXIX.

Third Conjugation.—Class II., continued.-Second Root formed by adding s to the First.

211. WHENEVER a t-sound (d or t) stands at the end of the first root, it is generally dropped before s in the second, and the preceding vowel, if short, is lengthened; e. g., Claudĕrě, to shut; Amittěrě, to lose;

claud,

claus (clauds). āmitt, amīs (amitts).

dīvīs

(divids).

212. When a limiting noun denotes some characteristic or quality of the noun which it limits, it is always accompanied by an adjective, and is put either in the genitive or ablative; e. g.,

Puĕr eximiae pulchritudinis.

Puĕr eximia pulchritudině.
A boy of remarkable beauty.

213. Combining the above with the rule already given (65), we have the following

RULE OF SYNTAX.-A noun limiting the meaning of another noun is put,

1) In the same case as that noun, when it denotes the same person or thing; as, Lătīnus rex, Latinus the king.

2) In the genitive, when it denotes a different

person or thing; as, Regis filius, the king's

son: except

(a) When it denotes character or quality, it is then accompanied by an adjective, and is put either in the genitive or ablative; as, Puer eximiae pulchritudinis;

or, Puěr exìmiā pulchritudině, a boy of remarkable beauty.

214. RULE OF SYNTAX.-Verbs of accusing, convict ing, acquitting, warning, and the like, take the accusative of the person and the genitive of the crime, charge, &c.; e. g.,

Caium prōditiōnĭs accusant.

(Caius of treachery they accuse.)

They accuse Caius of treachery.*

REM.-Here proditionis is in the genitive, by the above rule. 215. (Eng. Id.) To condemn to death.

(Lat. Id.) To condemn of the head (căpitis).†

This genitive is not properly governed by the verb, but by a noun understood; thus, if we supply crimině with prōditionis in the example, the sense will not be changed; as, 'They accuse Caius with the charge of treachery?

We may suppose that it was originally, "to condemn to the loss of the head," or, "to the punishment of the head."

Homo, G. hominis, and vir are both man: but homo is man as opposed to other animals; that is, a human being. whereas vir is man

217. Exercises.

(a) 1. Portas urbis clausĕrant. 2. Caius multum temporis amisit. 3. Caius, vir summo ingenio, multum temporis amīsit. 4. Balbum ambitus accusavěrant. 5. Puĕri in prato lusērunt.

7. Christiani est

6. Balbum capitis damnabunt. avaritiam damnāre. 8. Caium accusavit. 9. Caium, summo ingenio virum, proditionis accusaverat. 10. Facile est saltare. 11. Difficile est iram placare. 12. Facile est puĕri animum dono placare. 13. Ursus in antro dormīvit. 14. Hiĕme ursi in antris dormiunt. 15. Nunquam utile est peccare.

(b) 1. The slave has shut the gates of the city. 2. They will accuse the slave of treachery. 3. Caius had. accused the slaves of theft. 4. He will have lost much time. 5. Balbus, a man of the greatest virtue, has praised the fidelity of the slave. 6. Balbus, a man endued with the greatest virtue, has accused the boy of theft.

7. They have accused Balbus of bribery. 8. They had accused Balbus, a man of the greatest virtue, of bribery. 9. The sun had illuminated all things with its light. 10. The sun will have filled the world with its light. 11. They have written the letters with their own hands. 12. The queen had written a letter with her own hand. 13. He covered his face with his cloak. 14. They had covered their faces with their cloaks.

as opposed to woman.— -When men means human beings, men generally (including both sexes), it should be translated by homines.-When man is used contemptuously, it should also be translated by homo, because that word says nothing better of a person than that he is a human being.When man is used respectfully, with any praise, &c., it should be trans lated by vir.