the corpus callosum, beginning in the lamina terminalis, expands into its adult relations by intussusception of new fibers, and not by actual coalescence of the hemisphere walls. G. E. C. Lewis, Warren Hermon. Experimental Studies on the Development of the Eye in Amphibia. I. On the Origin of the Lens. The American Journal of Anatomy, 3, 505-536, 1904. In this communication LEWIS reports a series of experiments upon the embryos of Rana palustris and R. sylvatica, in which the optic cup was severed from the brain and removed from its normal position before any fundament of the lens had appeared. The author interprets his experiments as proving that contact between the optic cup and the skin is necessary for formation of the lens, and that the power to take part in lens-formation is not restricted to any particular region of the skin or optic cup. These facts, he believes, are "entirely in opposition to WEISMANN'S theory of determinants." G. E. C. Levi, Guiseppe. Ueber die Entwickelung und Histogenese der Ammonshorn. formation. Arch. f. mik. Anat., 64, Heft 3, 389-404, 1 Pl., 1904. The chief cause of the rolling in of the cortex in the Ammonshorn is the atrophy of the medial wall of the hemisphere in the region of the plexus chorideus. J. B. J. Scaffidi, Vittorio. Ueber den feineren Bau und die Funktion der Hypophysis des menschen. Arch. f. mik. Anat., 64, Heft 2, 235-255, 1 Pl., 1904. Two kinds of cells are present, distinguished by their staining. properties, each of which probably produces a definite substance which helps to form the secretion of the gland. J. B. J. Kamon, K. Ueber die "Geruchsknospen." Arch. f. mik. Anat., 64, Heft 4, 653-664, I pl., 1904. Esox, Trigla and calf. Sublimate et al.; iron haematoxylin; Golgi and methylene blue; maceration with 0.05% chromic acid. Figures from haematoxylin sections support the conclusion, "Es giebt weder in der Ceruchschleimhaut der Fische noch der Säuger Bildungen, mit den Geschmacksknospen verglichen werden können." J. B. J. Heath, Harold. The Nervous System and Subradular Organ in two Genera of Solenogastres. Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Anat. u. Ontog., 10, Heft 3, 399408, I pl., 1904. General description of the nervous system. J. B. J. Rubaschkin, W. Studien über Neuroglia. Arch. f. mik. Anat., 64, Heft 4, 575-626, 4 pls., 1904. Cat. Staining with methyl violet after special method of fixation. Description of types of glia elements with classification accord ing to their genetic relations: glia-genetic cells, astrocytes of young form, astrocytes of definitive form, cells without processes. Relation of neuroglia to the vessels, to the nerve cells and fibers. Structure and relations of the ependyma. Many of the figures show lack of care and exactness, and some are inadequate to their purpose. J. B. J. Pinkus, F. Ueber Hautsinnesorgane neben den menschlichen Haar (Haar scheiben) und ihre vergleichend-anatomische Bedeutung. Arch. f. mik. Anat., 65, Heft 1, 121-179, 4 pls., 1904. Man, ape, monotremes, reptiles. Histological methods and intravitam methylene blue. Deals with the homology of the organ in man with the Tastfleck in reptiles and of the hair with an undifferentiated part of the reptilian scale. J. B. J. Ballowitz, E. Die Riechzellen des Flussneunauges (Petromyzon fluviatilis L.) Arch. f. mik. Anat., 65, Heft 1, 68-85, 1 pl., 1904. Ewing, Henry Z. The Functions of the Nervous System, with Special Regard to Respiration, in Acrididae. Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., 2, 305-319, 1904. The main object of Mr. EWING's investigations on several species of grasshoppers has been the study of the nervous control of respiration. In addition he has made a considerable number of observations on other functions of the nervous system. His results in the main corroborate those of BETHE, and point to the segmental character of many of the reactions of the insect. The conclusions reached are based on effects observed after the removal of the various ganglia. While the supraoesophageal and suboesophageal ganglia are found to exercise no control over respiratory movements, each ganglion of the thoracic and abdominal ventral nerve cord appears to act as the center for the respiratory and general reflex movements of the segment in which it lies. Neither the supraoesophageal nor suboesophageal ganglion is the center for coördinated movements. These can be carried out by the insect after the entire head has been cut off. Removal of the supraoesophageal ganglion destroys the animal's power to inhibit reflexes, and it no longer executes swallowing movements. There is also a loss of tonus of the muscles and general weakness. The suboesophageal ganglion appears to have some control over equilibration. F. W. C. Lukas, Franz. Psychologie der niedersten Tiere. Eine Untersuchung über die ersten Spuren psychischen Lebens im Tierreiche. Braumüller, Wein und Leipzig, 1905, VIII + 276. This book, although complete in a certain sense in itself, is issued as the first part of a general animal psychology which the author tells us in his preface he may sometime finish. The present volume is concerned with the Protozoa, the Coelenterata, the Echinodermata and the Vermes. After an excellent discussion of criteria of the psychic and an examination of various forms of activity in an introductory chapter on the problems and methods of animal psychology, the author proceeds to consider the materials for a psychology of the above named phyla in accordance with the following plan: A. Description of anatomy, especially of the nervous system. I. Changes of substance: 1. Taking food, 2. Assimilation and II. Changes of form: I. Adaptation and transmission, 2. Growth and reproduction. III. Changes of energy: 1. Apparent spontaneous manifestations of energy-change, movement, light, electricity, 2. Action of mechanical, photic, chemical, thermic, electric and acoustic stimuli. C. Consideration of the question of the existence of consciousness. Bearing of anatomical conditions, especially of the nervous sys I. tem. II. Bearing of activities, especially of movements. III. Bearing of the question of the value of consciousness for the or ganism. As this outline indicates, the author follows in general the scheme of classification of organic processes offered by VERWORN. He gives brief, clear, structural descriptions, and satisfactory accounts of well chosen typical modes of behavior. The work is not thorough and exhaustive in its reviews of the literature of its topics, since it is intended for the general biologist rather than for the specialist in animal behavior or comparative psychology. So far as materials are concerned it presents nothing new, for the author has taken all his structural facts directly from the works of other authors, and the only original work he claims within the field of activity is the verification of the reports of other investigators. Consequently the only portion of the book of much value to the specialist in animal psychology is that which is concerned with the author's conclusions, on the basis of the facts collected, concerning the existence of consciousness in the animals of the phyla mentioned, and its values. In brief, the conclusions stated are that the Protozoa give no evidence of consciousness, that certain of the Coelenterata, the Hyroids, exhibit the first signs of consciousness in the animal kingdom, while the Echinodermata and Vermes give evidences of somewhat more complex forms of consciousness. The author is guarded in his statements and places his conclusions upon clearly defined bases of inference, which he discusses at length in his introductory and concluding chapters. This book is a valuable contribution to the text-book and student literature of animal psychology. R. M. Y. Parker, G. H. Hearing and Allied Senses in Fishes. Bull. U. S. Fish Commission, 45-62, for 1902 (published in 1904). Professor PARKER after an admirably clear and concise historical sketch of his subject describes a series of experiments in which by nerve cutting he succeeded in demonstrating the specific functions. of the ear and lateral line organs of Fundulus, mackerel and menhaden. Detailed work was done with Fundulus heteroclitus. According to the author this animal when normal responds to vibrations transmitted to the water of the aquarium by a tuning fork of 128 V. by movements of the pectoral fins and increased respiratory rate. After the eighth nerve has been cut these responses no longer appear, hence the author concludes that the fish possesses a sense of hearing. Similarly it is shown that the reactions to slight mass movements of the water, which are characteristic of the normal Fundulus, are not given by individuals in which the nerves to the lateral line organs have been cut. This work is of special interest and importance, first, because the experiments were simple in plan, carefully executed, and definite in their results; second, because the results themselves are in large part contradictory of much that has heretofore been published on the subject. It is PARKER'S belief that the cutaneous organs, the lateral line organs and the ear form a series of sensory organs which respond to mechanical stimuli of various degrees of delicacy. Gross stimuli perhaps effect the cutaneous organs chiefly, less violent stimuli act primarily upon the lateral line organs, and the most delicate mechanical stimuli affect the ear. R. M. Y. Jennings, Herbert S. Contributions to the Study of the Behavior of Lower Organisms. Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1904, Publication No. 16, pp. 256. First Paper. REACTIONS TO HEAT AND COLD IN THE CILIATE INFUSORIA. As Paramecium swims it draws towards its anterior end a vortex of water which passes in a slender stream along its oral groove to the mouth. Thus any stimulus that can be transmitted by such a stream, as for instance a chemical or heat and cold, comes into contact with the anterior end and oral groove earlier than with any other part of the body. These are, moreover, the most sensitive parts of the body. Now when Paramecium thus encounters a stimulating agent, it appears that these are the parts of the body that react. The animal at first swims backward, circling at the same time toward the aboral side. After a moment the animal swims forward again, still turning toward the aboral side. The direction of its course is thus changed, and the animal continues in this new direction if it does not again encounter the stimulating agent; but if it does, it goes through the same motor reaction again, by swimming backward, turning toward the aboral side and then swimming forward once more. This process is repeated until the animal is finally brought beyond the range of the stimulus. The animal invariably turns toward the aboral side, even when this at first brings it more immediately into the region of the stimulus than it had been before. The author aptly names this, orientation by trial and error. And he further finds that this is the only manner of orientation observable in Paramecia, and that this fact is utterly at variance with the current theories of thermotaxis. The conclusions are based on extended observations of Paramecium, and they are confirmed by entirely concordant observations of the other ciliate infusoria, Oxytricha fallax, O. aeruginosa, Stylonychia mytilus, Stentor caeruleus, Spirostomum ambiguum and Bursaria trunca tella. Both heat and cold were tried as stimuli in nearly all the cases. Second Paper. REACTIONS TO LIGHT IN CILIATE FLAGELLATES. The reaction of the ciliate, Stentor, to light is the same as its retion to heat and cold. It stops or swims backward a short distance, then turns toward the aboral side, and resumes its forward motion. "This is the reaction which is produced by strong mechanical stimuli, by heat, and by chemical stimuli, acting upon the anterior end or upon the body as a whole." And here too, the reaction is the same, although at first the animal may be brought directly into the stimulus which it is seeking to avoid. "The direction of turning is thus determined by an internal factor—the structure of the body." The orientation is not governed by the direction of the light-rays (contra LOEB), nor yet by the part of the body that receives the stimulation (contra VERWORN and others). Indeed the response is not altered if the stimulus acts on all parts of the body at once. The flagellates normally swim in a spiral path, continually swerving toward that side which bears the larger "lip" and the eye, the socalled dorsal side. While swimming toward a source of light Euglena viridis will, if suddenly the illumination is decreased or greatly in |