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with such Greek manuscripts as were accessible, and refusing to have his New Testament called a translation.

With reference to the Old Testament, the work of Jerome may properly be called a translation, as he was governed more directly by the Hebrew than by the Latin. His work received ecclesiastical sanction and stood in the Roman Catholic Church as Holy Scripture, or as the authorized standard of God's word, and came to be known as the common version of the Vulgate. The Council of Trent declared the Vulgate to be the true text; the standard text being regulated by the edition. authorized and approved by Pope approved by Pope Clement VIII.

An edition of the New Testament was printed in Jewish-German at Strasburg, and to it was appended a tract upon the conversion of the Jews. Although the language of the German Jews differs from pure German only in its being written in Hebrew characters, yet, as these Jews form an important and distinctive section of the dispersed people of Israel, the versions printed for their special benefit are entitled to a separate consideration. Until within the two past centuries the condition of the Jews settled in Austria was pitiable in the extreme, but they are now released from the persecutions by which their existence was in former times rendered wretched.

1593.

One of the most important editions of the Vulgate, recognized by all the authorities, is another edition of the Sixtine Bible, which in some respects resembles a Bible preserved at the Vatican. This Hebrew copy of the Holy Scriptures, at the Vatican, is so weighty that it requires two men to lift it, as the binding is of heavy metal. Manuscript notes within this. book state that in 1512 the Jews of Venice offered for this Bible its weight in gold, but Pope Julian II refused the offer. Although raised by bribery, in 1503, to the height of his ambition, and called to fill the vacant chair of Pius III, he could not be purchased by a bribe, and yet he was willing to sign the league of Cambray, and thus place the Venetian States under an interdict. sistency is a trait of character which is rare even with pontifical magnates. Great as a statesman and as a warrior, Julian had little claim to the meekness, benevolence and humility which should belong to the ecclesiastical character.

Con

An edition of the Bible was printed in Latin, at Tubingen, by Gruppenbach. The celebrated university of this place had among its earliest professors some of the great Reformers, among whom were Melancthon and Rauchlin.

1594.

An edition of the Bible was printed in English, at London, by the deputies

of Christopher Barker; and the Psalms of David, in Latin and French, went through the press of Mettayer at Paris.

1595.

An edition of the Bishop's Bible was printed in English, at London. A copy is in the library of the Theological Seminary at Princeton. An edition of the New Testament was printed in Greek, at Leipsic, by Crispini. A copy is in the New York State Library at Albany.

1596.

An edition of the Bible was printed in Greek, Latin and German, at Hamburg, by David Walder. This Bible is called the "Tomus Secundus" of the Tetraglot Bible, because it is a triglot version intended to be added to Hutter's Hebrew Bible, and thus to compose a Polyglot Bible in four languages.

An edition of the Bible was printed in Saxon, at Hamburg, by Jacob Lucium den Jungen, upon the titlepage of which is a representation of the Elector and Luther witnessing the baptism of Christ by John. Although no version of the pure old Saxon exists, yet this ancient dialect possesses a harmony of the Gospels translated in the ninth century, which must not be passed without notice. The language in which it is written has been spoken from time immemorial in Northern Germany, and by the Saxons who emigrated from thence to Britain, but in consequence of their residence there it

underwent

modifications. Those

who remained in the fatherland preserved the purity of their language, and the original vernacular idioms of our Saxon progenitors are still to be heard with comparatively little variations among the peasantry of Hanover, Holstein, Sleswick, Mecklenburg, Magdeburg, Brandenburg, and Pomerania. The old Saxon, or old Low German, was probably cognate with the Gothic, for it is impossible to determine which has the stronger claim to antiquity. From the close similarity of structure which prevails between these two dialects, dialects, the Friesic and the Alemannic, or old High German, we may infer that at some very remote period they all branched off from the language originally common to the whole Teutonic family. The most flourishing period of the Old Saxon was that immediately preceding the Reformation, and many have regretted that the High German dialect should have been substituted throughout Germany as the language of the educated classes, to the exclusion of the Low German dialects, and now confined to the poorer classes. This ancient Harmony, written by an unknown author, bears the title of "Heliand," or the "Healer," a name which came from King Alfred, who said: "He made His people to be healed from their sins." The Heliand, written in alliterative lines, adheres quite closely to the original, and to the biblical student it is of some importance from

its showing the interpretation affixed by the early Saxons to the various passages of Scripture in which the words and actions of the Saviour, when on earth, are recorded. Two manuscript copies of this poem have been preserved, although in a very mutilated condition. One of these copies belongs to the Cottonian Library, in the British Museum, and is marked Caligula A, VII.

An old tradition exists to the effect that this copy formed part of Canute's collection, and hence it is generally known as Canute's Bible, but there is no direct evidence that it was ever in the hands of that nonarch. The other Codex was found at Bamberg, in 1794, by Gerard Gley, librarian in the cathedral at Bamberg, and the tome has since been removed to the library at Munich.

An edition of the New Testament was printed in Latin by le Preux, and a Bohemian Bible was published in Bohemia.

An edition of the New Testament. was printed by Cyprian de Valera, and a Bible in Polish, of Luther's version, was published by certain. Protestants, and dedicated to Uladislaus IV, King of Poland.

1597.

An edition of the English Bible was imprinted at London by the deputies of Christopher Barker, and an edition of the New Testament was printed in Greek at Frankfort. A copy is in the collection of the Maryland Historical Society. Hut

ter's Bible was also reprinted in Hebrew, Chaldee, Greek, Latin and German. A copy is in the library of the Theological Seminary at Gettysburg, Pa.

1598.

An edition of the Psalms, from the version of Palladius was published in Danish, at Copenhagen.

An edition of the New Testament was translated out of the Greek, and imprinted at London, in English, by the deputies of Christopher Barker. This beautiful little volume is in clear pearl type, and is of the Geneva version. There are thirty-one lines. on a full page, and the size of a page is two and five-eights inches by one. and three-eights inches. The headings of the chapters and the marginal references are in italics.

An edition of the New Testament was printed in Latin and Greek at Geneva, and the Canticles in the Francic (from Willeram's S. 1804) was edited by Merula, and published in German at Leyden.

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them all in sight at the same time. A copy of one of these editions is in the library of the Buffalo Historical Society. An edition of the Bible was printed in Latin at Venice, and one in Greek and Latin at Heidelberg.

An edition of the Bible was printed in German at Wittemberg, and a Polish Bible, translated by Jacob Wuyck, was published at Cracow. This Bible designed for the use of Roman Catholics, and sanctioned by Clement VIII., is accounted one of the best European translations from the Vulgate. The language is pure and classical, though in some places slightly antiquated. Two other editions subsequently followed, but the three editions only comprised three hundred copies.

A revised translation of the Belgic version, according to the text of the Latin Vulgate, was made by the doctors of Louvain, and printed in Flemish at the celebrated Plantin press in Antwerp.

An edition of the Psalms, in German and Danish was printed in eight vo. at Lubeck.

Hatter's Polyglot New Testament was published at Nuremberg. The languages which it includes are: Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Syriac, German, Bohemian, Italian, Spanish, Danish, Polish and English. A copy is in the library of Trinity College, Hartford, Conn. During this year Hutter's Polyglot Old Testament made its appearance at Nuremberg in the He

brew, Chaldee, Greek, Latin, German and Italian languages. In this edition. the sixth language may more properly be called Slavonic, and not Italian, although the latter is mentioned on the title-page. A copy is in the New York State Library at Albany. Elias Hutter, a professor of Hebrew at Leipsic, first distinguished himself by his ingenious plan of printing a Hebrew Bible in which he had the radical letters struck off with solid and black, and the servile with hollow and white types, while the quiescents were executed in smaller characters, and placed above the line, thus exhibiting at a glance the root or elementary principle of each word.

Hutter's success in this undertaking led him to project a Polyglot Bible, and he commenced with the New Testament but found himself utterly at a loss for want of a Hebrew version. He therfore determined to supply the deficiency, and at the expiration of a year from the time he commenced, he produced a translation of the New Testament. He then proceeded with his original design and completed his Polyglot Testament in twelve languages.

An edition of the "Hutteri " Bible was printed in Greek, Latin and German, by Ebenezer Child, at Nuremberg. A copy is in the library at Trinity College in Hartford, Conn.

1600.

An edition of the New Testament was printed in English, at Antwerp,

by Daniel Vervliet. The translation is from the old Latin Vulgate, and at the end of each chapter there are annotations.

An edition of the New Testament was printed in English, at London, by R. Baker. Another edition of the Rheims New Testament was printed at Antwerp, a copy of which is with Mr. W. H. H. Newman.

An edition of the Bible in Latin was printed at Tubingen, a town of Wurtemberg, which has a history in connection with biblical research and work, second to none in the world.

Hutter printed, at Nuremberg, another edition of his Bible, similar to the one of the previous year. 1601.

An edition of the New Testament (Bishop's and Rhemish version) with notes by William Fulke, was printed. in English, at London, by R. Barker. A copy is in the possession of Mr. H. J. Atkinson.

An edition of the New Testament was printed in Greek, at Frankfort, by Wechelianis.

1602.

An edition of the Psalms was published by Hutter, at Nuremberg, in Hebrew, Greek, Latin and Ger

man.

Another edition of the Bishop's Bible was printed in which differences from the first edition appear in at least twenty places. Take for example, 2 Kings, VII. The authorized version follows the text of this edition in ten of these variations, and adopts

only one of those of the Bishop's Bible of 1568. In the first of St. John this edition varies in thirty places from the edition of 1572. It was twice issued, the second time with a wood-cut border like that of the New Testament title. This edition was the basis of our present version, and does not present many improvements in the text found in earlier issues.

An edition of the "Breeches Bible' was printed in London during this year. A copy is in the possession of Mr. Horace Johnson. This edition was probably taken from the Bishop's Bible of 1568, and derives its name from its version of the story of Adam and Eve in the garden of Eden. After recording the transgression, it reads: "Then the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked, and they sewed figge-tree leaves together and made themselves breeches." That picturesque attire was changed to aprons in the version of King James, the present accepted version. King James' translators only made alterations of the Tyndale and Coverdale text, and of the Bishop's Bible, when it was found to be absolutely necessary. This quaint old Bible includes those Old Testament books that have since been relegated to the nebulous limbo of the "Apocrypha," and includes them without any mark of separation from those that are now accepted. There are the books of Baruch, of Susannah, of Jesus, the

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