*] or N. B. are used to invite special

]connects several words with one com

The paragraph [¶] begins a new subject.

The section [§] is used to subdivide chapters.

The asterisk [*], parallels [||], dagger [†], double dagger [+] and section [§] are used as marginal reference marks.

The commercial a [@] is used in market quotations, and signifies "at" or "to."

The signs []and Ib

spectively.

means "per" and "pound," re

The parentheses [()] include something not essential to the sense.

The ellipsis [***] -] denotes the omission of letters or words.

The index [] points to something of special significance.

Brackets [] are chiefly used to denote corrections. The hyphen [-] connects the syllables or parts of a word.

The caret [A] denotes that some letter, word or phrase has been omitted.

The apostrophe denotes a contraction.

RULES FOR THE USE OF CAPITALS.

Most words commence with small letters. Capitals must be used only when required by the following rules: The first word of every sentence and the first word of every line of poetry should begin with a capital letter. All proper names should begin with capital letters. Words derived from proper names begin with a cap

ital.

Every word that denotes the Deity should begin with a capital.

Pronouns relating to the Deity should generally commence with a capital.

The months of the years and the days of the week begin with capitals.

The words North, South, East, West, and their compounds and abbreviations, as North-West, commence with capitals when they denote a section of country.

The pronoun I, and the interjection O, are always capitals.

Every direct quotation should begin with a capital letter.

All titles of persons begin with capitals.

All the principal words in the titles of books should begin with capital letters.

The several chapters or other divisions of any book begin with capitals.

Common nouns personified begin with capital letters. Any word particularly important may begin with a capital letter.

All words denoting religious denominations begin with capital letters.

In all kinds of advertisements nearly all the leading words usually begin with capitals.

In accounts each article mentioned should begin with a capital.

RULES FOR SPELLING.

Words ending in e drop that letter before the termination able, as in move, movable; unless ending in ce or ge, when it is retained, as in change, changeable, etc.

Words of one syllable ending in a consonant, with a single vowel before it, double that consonant in derivatives; as ship, shipping, etc. But if ending in a consonant with a double vowel before it, they do not double the consonant in derivatives; as troop, trooper, etc.

Words of more than one syllable, ending in a consonant preceded by a single vowel, and accented on the last syllable, double that consonant in derivatives; as commit, committed, but except chagrin, chagrined.

All words of one syllable ending in 7, with a single vowel before it, have 7 at the close; as mill, sell.

All words of one syllable ending in 1, with a double vowel before it, have only one at the close; as mail, sail.

The words foretell, distill, instill and fulfill, retain the double 7 of their primitives. Derivatives, of dull, skill, will, and full, also retail the 77 when the accent falls on these words; as dullness, skillful, willful, full

ness.

Words of more than one syllable ending in 7 have only one at the close; as delightful, faithful; unless the accent falls on the last syllable, as in befall, etc. Words ending in 1, double that letter in the termination ly.

Participles ending in ing, from verbs ending in e, lose the final e; as have, having; make, making, etc., but verbs ending in ee retain both, as see, seeing. The word dye, to color, however, must retain the e before ing.

All verbs ending in ly, and nouns ending in ment, retain the e final of the primitives; as brave, bravely; refine, refinement; except words ending in dge; as acknowledge, acknowledgment.

Nouns ending in y, preceded by a vowel, form their plural by adding s; as money, moneys; but if y is preceded by a consonant, it is changed to ies in the plural; as bounty, bounties.

Compound words whose primitives end in y, change the y into i; as beauty, beautiful.

TABLES OF USE IN PRINTING

LEADS AND SLUGS.

Leads are designated as "-to-Pica," the number being that fraction of a Pica which the lead is, viz.: a 6-to-Pica lead is one-sixth of a Pica in thickness, or six, 6-to-Pica's, are equal to one Pica; four, 4-to-Pica's, are equal to one Pica, and so with other sizes or thickness of leads.

Slugs.-Leads of Nonpareil thickness and greater are called slugs, viz.: Nonpareil slugs, pica slugs, etc.

RULE FOR ESTIMATING BODY TYPE.

To estimate the quantity of type (solid) necessary to fill a given space, multiply the number of square inches by 5% (estimated weight in ounces, of one square inch of matter, including sorts in case), divide the product by 16 and the result will be the weight of type required. If leaded, a reduction in weight of type may be made from above.

Another rule is as follows: To ascertain the quantity of type (solid) required for newspaper or book work, find the number or square inches to be set, and divide the same by 4, which will give the approximate weight of matter; to which 25 per cent should be added for "sorts," or dead letters remaining in the case. If the matter is to be leaded the weight may be reduced one-quarter.

PROOF-READING

There is considerable latitude in the use of proofreaders' marks and in methods of marking. Figure I shows the uncorrected proof as it goes to the reader for correction. Figure II gives an illustration of the proof marked and ready for marking. It is not to be assumed that there are ever as many errors as are here indicated, in ordinary matter. Matter set on the linotype from clear copy may not have but two or three minor errors. If hand setting is employed, there are generally more errors, depending much upon the character of the copy. For a concise treatment on marks the reader is referred to the title "Marks Used in ProofReading."

Referring to the numbered lines in Figure II, the following are the operations to be performed to correct the proof as marked:

Line 1. Bring the heading to the center; set in caps. Set name "Thomas Carlyle" in italics.

Line 2. Indent paragraph; delete apostrophe; set name "Burns" in small caps. Make cap W lower case; insert y in place of marked letters.

Line 3. Turn inverted 1.

Line 4. Transpose indicated words; raise marked word to line with the rest; insert ed at end of line; turn hyphen.

Line 5. Delete d; transpose letters indicated.

Line 6. Insert u as indicated. Rearrange spacing for line as indicated by carets; insert hyphen at end of line.

Line 7.

Line 8.

Clean.

Insert o in place of letter marked. Insert

o in place of inverted marked letter.

ESSAY ON BURNS -THOS CARLISLE.

Burn's first came upon the World as a prodigee; and
was, in that character, entertained by it, in the usual
fashion, with vague, loud, tumultuous wonder, spe
dily subsiding into sencure and neglect; till his early
and most mornful death again awakened an enthu
siasm for him, which, especially as there was now
nuthing to be done, and much to be spoken, has
prologed itself even to our own time.

It is true, the 9 days have long since elapsed, and
the very continuance of this clamour proves that
Rurns was no vulgur wonder Accordingly. He has
come to rest more & more exclusively on his own
Intrinsic merits, ane may now be wellnigh shorn of
that casual radiance he appears not only as a true
English poet, but as one of the most considerable
British men of the 18th century Let it not be ob-
jected that he did little He did very much, if we
consider how where and we must recollect

that he had his every materials to discover; fore the
for the metal he Worked in lay hid under the dsert,
whre no eye but his has guesst its existence; and
we may almost say that with his own hands he had to
construct the tools for fashioning it For he found
himself in deepest security withou
help. instruction. without model. or with model
only of the meanest sort An educated man stands, as
it were, in the midst of a boundless arsenal and meg.
azine. filled with all the weapon sahd engines which
ans' skill has been able to devize from the earliest
rowed from all Past ages How different in his state
time. and he works, accordingly with a strength bor.
who stands on the outsid of that storehouse, and feels
that its gates must be stormed. or remain forever shut
against him a dwarf back his steamegene
may remove mountains, but no dwarf will hue them
down with a pickax. and he must be a Titan who
hurls them abroad with his arms

Fig. I

Lines 9 and 10.

Insert n as indicated by caret. Incomma; run in line 10.

Insert quotation marks

sert period in place of marked Capitalize i; spell out (sp.) 9. as indicated by carets.

Line 11. Clean.

Line 12. Insert cap B and lower case a, as indicated. Insert from copy omitted words as indicated by caret; change H to lower case.

Line 13.

Broken letter; spell out &.

Line 14. Broken letter; change e to d. Delete and insert hyphen.

Line 15. Insert comma.

Line 16. Delete word marked, inserting word on