THE PANAMA CANAL COMPRISING ITS HISTORY AND CONSTRUC- BY REUBEN E. BAKENHUS, S. B. CORPS OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, UNITED STATES NAVY FORMERLY ASSISTANT IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, Massachusetts INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY HARRY S. KNAPP CAPTAIN UNITED STATES Navy; FORMERLY MEMBER EMORY R. JOHNSON, PH. D., Sc. D. PROFESSOR OF TRANSPORTATION AND COMMERCE, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA SPECIAL COMMISSIONER ON PANAMA CANAL TRAFFIC AND TOLLS, 1911-1913 With Maps and Illustrations FIRST EDITION FIRST THOUSAND NEW YORK JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. LONDON: CHAPMAN & HALL, LIMITED HARVARD COPYRIGHT, 1914 BY REUBEN E. BAKENHUS, HARRY S. KNAPP AND EMORY R. JOHNSON Stanhope Press F. H. GILSON COMPANY BOSTON, U.S. A. PREFACE Although much has been published on the Panama Canal, it is this very wealth of literature which makes another book desirable. The reader who would thoroughly understand the canal, its history, where and how it was built, what it means to commerce and to the navy and where it stands in the council of nations would, perhaps, wade through many pages of picturesque and interesting descriptions more or less accurate, find a part well described here and a part there and yet, in the end, might not have a complete understanding of the mammoth enterprise. The authors of this volume have endeavored to take the comprehensive view, excluding non-essential details which, though interesting, apply to many other enterprises as well as to the canal. They have included, however, the important principles, laws and facts to which the canal owes its existence. That such a treatise may hold the interest of the reader the authors are led to believe because of the many kind and genuine commendations from those who read the subject-matter when it first appeared in print. It may be of added interest to know that the articles which have been gathered under one cover to form this book were originally published in the Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute, a voluntary pro |