Coryat, the author of Crudities and the earliest "globe trotter, was a Scholar of Winchester. He was the first unofficial Englishman to visit the Court of the Great Mogul, and as a fearless traveller and wit deserved better treatment than he received from his contemporaries. The remarkable feature in this Old Wykehamist's character was his devotion to the Christian, and his contempt for all other, religions. It was only the noble tolerance of Akbar that saved him from paying the forfeit of his life for his attack on the Mahommedan faith in a Mahommedan country. No Governor-General or Viceroy of India has been educated at Winchester, but Henry Vansittart, a Governor of Bengal (1759-64), is said to have been there for a short time. He is now chiefly remembered by the severe remarks of Lord Macaulay on his inefficiency as a ruler. These animadversions on Vansittart as "a feeble and inefficient ruler" and on English rule exhibiting in his time "the most frightful of all spectacles, the strength of civilization without its mercy," 11 1 are, to say the least, somewhat exaggerated. Vansittart deposed Meer Jaffier and received £60,000 for his services. In 1769 he was returning to India as a commissioner on the Company's financial affairs, when his vessel, the Aurora, foundered in the Mozambique Channel. The purser on the frigate was a Scotchman of humble birth, whose one poem had been so great a success that the first John Murray had offered to take him into partnership. Unfortunately the brave sailor refused this good offer, and accepted the post of purser instead. Thus perished at sea, in his 37th year, William Falconer, the author of The Shipwreck."

Dr. Warton's Scholars would have heard of "the pagoda tree." It is doubtful whether one of Dr. Fearon's has even heard of the expression. It is now quite one hundred years since large fortunes have been amassed by members of the Indian Civil Service, and the "Pagoda Tree" has vanished with the rapidly made fortunes, of which it was the type. The pagoda was a coin long current in Southern

1 Essay on Warren Hastings.

2 Life of Wm. Falconer in the Aldine Edition of the British Poets.

India, both silver and gold, but chiefly gold. Accounts were kept in pagodas in Madras down to the year 1818. The phrase was current in England rather than in India.

Vansittart was not the only Wykehamist distinguished for idleness at Winchester, who distinguished himself for better things in India. The late Hon. Sir Ashley Eden, K.C.S.I., was credited with doing nothing both at Winchester and Haileybury College, but owing to his own energy, mother wit, and common sense, he rose to be Lieut.-Governor of Bengal and a member of the Indian Council in England. If you seek for his exact opposite, you find it in another Wykehamist, Sir Henry Miers Elliot, K.C.B., Foreign Secretary to the Government of India under Viscount Hardinge and Marquis of Dalhousie. Eden was all energy; Elliot was energy with study superadded. A monument has been erected to Elliot's memory in Winchester Cathedral. The epitaph inscribed on it hardly does justice to his scholarly attainments, though the amiability of his character is dwelt upon. In the words of Mr. Horace Hayman Wilson, late Librarian to the East India Company and Boden Professor of Sanskrit in the University of Oxford, Sir Henry Elliot was "a most zealous and accomplished Oriental Scholar, and an enlightened and efficient public officer." His contributions to Mr. Wilson's Glossary of Indian Judicial and Revenue Terms were most valuable, and he left at his death materials for the History of India as told by its early native historians, which were afterwards published in eight volumes. Another Wykehamist historian of India was the late Col. G. B. Malleson, who wrote the history of the Indian Mutiny. The late Sir John Awdry and Sir Henry Davison, Chief Justices of Bombay and Madras, were Old Wykehamists.

Sir Trevor Chichele Plowden, K.C.S.I., late British Resident at the Court of Hyderabad, is a Wykehamist. As Hyderabad is the largest native State of India, to be Resident there is to hold the blue ribbon of the Indian Foreign Office under the Viceroy and the Foreign Secretary. It would be impossible to give even the names only of all the Wykehamists that have served in the Indian Civil Service, but two must be mentioned. The late Sir Henry

Ricketts, K.C.S.I., was a model of what an Indian Civilian should be. He resigned his seat on the Council of the Governor-General in order that Sir James Outram might be appointed in his place. This unselfish act was worthy of Henry Lawrence, that knight sans peur et sans reproche! Sir Henry Ricketts was one of those rare spirits gifted with the divine gift of self-renunciation. When he saw a man whom he recognised as his superior, or as he modestly thought better fitted for the post than himself, he would at once recommend him. He might have been LieutenantGovernor of the North West Provinces, but he supported the nomination of another. His son, Mr. George Ricketts, C.B., is also a Wykehamist, and was an Indian Civilian. He too distinguished himself in the Mutiny, and in a fight with sepoys on the Sutlej himself served a gun, until his ammunition was exhausted. Another Wykehamist, Henry Brabazon Urmston, met his death in the act of trying to save a wounded comrade near the Hazarah Frontier, Punjaub, on the 18th June, 1888.

As you pace the quiet cloisters you come on an unassuming monument. A marble slab informs the passer-by that an Old Wykehamist, Frank St, Clair Grimwood, was killed at Manipur. This brave Indian Civilian, who died in the discharge of his duty, needs no better monument. He has passed beyond the reach of human praise. He has joined Neill and Nicholson, and such as they

"Firm as the oak and trenchant as true steel" 1

by whom our Indian Empire was preserved.

No one can visit Winchester, read her history, or have a son in the school without catching the infection of its enthusiasm. When you gaze on the tomb of William of Wykeham you cannot but be struck with the singular good fortune that has blessed him and his Foundations throughout our history. The tombs of mighty kings and prelates, famous legislators, and deathless poets have been destroyed. The tomb of the Founder of Winchester College remains

1 "Ex Oriente Sonnets on the Indian Rebellion," by J. Innes Minchin.

as it was, when it first received his lifeless form nearly five hundred years ago. Change and decay, popular passion and fanaticism, have laid no finger on his resting-place, while the permanence of Winchester College is one of the wonders of the world. By reason of its foundation in the fourteenth century, Winchester is our most ancient public school; by reason of its adaptability to the needs of the twentieth century, Winchester is one of our youngest. The tree that William of Wykeham planted has grown with the British Empire, and is now known by its fruit in the four quarters of the globe. It would be a sad day for England were the axe ever laid to its root.

CHAPTER XXVIII.

CONCLUSION.

THE Founders of our great public schools thought of good morals, no less than of Latin and Greek; still they had little notion that they were establishing institutions which would influence the public opinion and history of their country only to a lesser degree than the Crown and the Legislature. To the Crown indeed some of the schools owe their origin. The sovereigns of the House of Tudor were (with the exception of Queen Mary) the most advanced Liberals of their day. Under them public schools began to increase and multiply. St. Paul's was the outcome of the thought and the generosity of a liberal Catholic. If under Queen Mary the Roman reaction found its most willing instruments among the scholars of Winchester, under her successor the Protestant wave of thought was represented by the founding of Westminster, Rugby, Harrow, and Merchant Taylors'. Bill and Goodman, who drew up the statutes of Westminster, were friends both to the Reformation and the new learning. Wm. Bill, a “self-mademan", was at one and the same time, Dean of Westminster, Master of Trinity, Cambridge, and Provost of Eton. He was thus directing the education of two (Eton and Westminster) of the leading public schools of his day. The Puritans, indeed, disgusted at the immorality of the Court of James L and at what they condemned as Laud's lapse into Romanism, regarded the Church of England as more courtly than Christian, and naturally viewed with disfavour schools which belonged to her communion. Yet Milton, the head and flower of Puritan thought in England, was a Pauline, and the Tractate of Education might have been written by a favourite pupil of Dr. Arnold. On the fall of the Monarchy