shall take effect, fhall be approved by him, or, being difapproved by him, fhall be re-paffed by two-thirds of the fenate and house of reprefentatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the cafe of a bill.

Sect. 8. The congrefs fhall have power

To lay and collect taxes, duties, impofts, and excifes, to pay the debts, and provide for the common defence and the general welfare of the United States; but all duties, impofts and excises, fhall be uniform throughout the United States;

To borrow money on the credit of the United States; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes;

To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the fubject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;

To coin money, to regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures; To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the fecurities and current coin of the United States;

To establish poft offices and poft roads;

To promote the progrefs of fcience and useful arts, by fecuring for limited times to authors and inventors, the exclufive right to their refpective writings and discoveries;

To conftitute tribunals, inferior to the fupreme court; To define and punish piracies and felonies, committed on the high feas, and offences against the law of nations; To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprifal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water;

To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use, fhall be for a longer term than two years; To provide and maintain a navy;

To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces;

To provide for calling forth the militia, to execute the laws of the union, fupprefs infurrections, and repel invafions;

To provide for organizing, arming, and difciplining the militia, and for governing fuch part of them as may be employed in the fervice of the United States, referving to the ftates refpectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia, according to the difcipline prefcribed by congrefs;

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. , Toss exercise exclusive Iegiflation in all' cases whatsoever, I, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as _may,j. by ceffion of' particular states, and the acceptance' of conz -r gress, 'become the seat of government _of - the United' - Btatesqugand- to exercise like authority over all placespurchased by the consent of the legissslature of thestate' in which _, the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arse* nals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings ; and *

carrying into execution the foregoing powers, audall other'
powers vested by this confistitution in the government of the
United States, or in any department' or officer thereof, r _

Sect. 9. The migration or importation of such Persons as'
any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit,
shall not be prohibited by congress prior. to the year one
thousand eight hundred and eight; but a tax' or duty may
be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars
for each person. - si

The lzri-vilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be isiuspended, unless when in cases of rebellion, or invasion, the' public. safety. may require it. '

No bill-of attainder, or ex- post facto law shall be passed.

No' capitation, r or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in
proportion to the census or enumeration herein before di;
rected to be taken. _ .

No tas: or duty shall be laid on articles exported from' any
state. No preference shall' be given by any regulaizion o
_ commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of

another: nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one state, be

obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. _ _ Þlo money shall be drawn from the treasury, But in coni sequence of appropriations made by law ; and a reg ular Y staternent and account of' the receipts and expenditures of all ; public money shall, be. published from time to time. '

No title of nobility shall be' granted by the United States z And no person holding any office of profit or trust under' them, shall, without the consent of conorress, accept of any

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To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for *

] present, emolument, office, or title, ofpany kind whatever, '

i - from any kin r, prince, or foreignstate. . _ lo. lilo state shall enterinto any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprifitl; coin

> msibney; emit bills of credit; make any thing 'but gold and

filver coin 'a tender in payment of debts ;* pass* any bill of

attainder, ex poft facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.

No ftate fhall, without the confent of congrefs, lay any impoft or duties on imports or exports, except what may be abfolutely neceffary for executing its infpection laws; and the net produce of all duties and impofts, laid by any state on imports or exports, fhall be for the ufe of the treasury of the United States; and all fuch laws fhall be fubject to the • revision and controul of the congrefs. No ftate fhall, without the confent of congrefs, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or fhips of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another ftate, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in fuch imminent danger as will not admit of delay.

ARTICLE II.

Sect. 1. The executive power fhall be vefted in a prefident of the United States of America. He fhall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the vice-prefident, chofen for the fame term, be elected as fol. lows:

Each state shall appoint, in fuch manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and reprefentatives to which the state may be entitled in the congrefs: but no fenator or reprefentative, or perfon holding any office of truft or profit under the United States, fhall be appointed an elector.

The electors fhall meet in their refpective ftates, and vote by ballot for two perfons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the fame ftate with themfelves. And they fhall make a lift of all the perfons voted for, and of the num ber of votes for each; which lift they fhall fign and certify, and tranfmit fealed to the feat of government of the United States, directed to the prefident of the fenate. The prefi. dent of the fenate thall, in the prefence of the fenate and, house of reprefentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes fhall then be counted. The perfon having the greateft number of votes fhall be the prefident, if fuch number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have fuch m jority, and have an equal number of votes, then the I of reprefentas fhall immediately chufe by ballot

'themsifor president; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said house shall in like, manner chuse the president. But in chusing the president, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the states, and a majority of the states shall be necessary to a choice. In

every case, after thechoice of the president, the person hav- _

ing the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the vice-president. But if there should remain two or more Who have equal votes, the senate shall chuse from them, by balIosit, the vice-president. ' _ The congress may determine the' time of csihusing the electors, and the day on xsisivhich they shall give 'their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the United States.

No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of i the United States, at the time of the adoption of this consti-

tutioctn, shall be eligible to the office 'ctofctpresidentg neither shall any person be eligible to that officesixvlio shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, asindbeenfourteen years a resident within the United States ' 'ct ' , In case of -the removal of the president from office, or of his death, res nation, or inability to 'discharge the sspsiowers d duties of t e said "office, the same shall devolve on the sivfiiesszpresident, and the congress rnayþy law provide 'for the case of.ssrem0val, death, refignhtion "or- inability, both of the piesidenc, and vice-prefideng' declaring what officer shall zhen-actsias prefident, and -such officer lhallact accordingly; Ihkissdisability be removed; or a presidessrit shall be elected. ,prefident'sha_l_l, at (lated times, receive 'forhis serh/ices, a compensaxioiu, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during? 'the period for Vxvhich he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive, urithin that period, any osither emolument from thevUnited States, or any of them. Before he' enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation:._ X " I do solemnly swear (or affirnisiftliat I will faithfully execute the office of president of the United States, and will, to the bed of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." t sect. 2. The president shall be commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service

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Pox 'run UNITED STATES. ® if;

of the United States; he may require the "opinion, in.

writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive de; partments, upon'any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant' reprieves'and pardons for offences against the United States, fexcept in cases of impeachment. ' - -'

He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent 'of the senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds' of the

* senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and

ct sion.

siwith the advice and consent of the senate, shall appoint am; bassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the supreme court, and all_ other officers of the United States', whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law. But the congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as 'they think proper, in the president alone-,_in the-courtsbf law, or in the heads of departments. > ' '_

The president_ shall have power to fill up; all vacancies that 'may happen during the recess of thesisenate, by grantiisg commisiions which shall expire at the end of their next sel"

Sect. 3. He shall from time to time giveto the sscongrefi information of the (state 'of the union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as' he fliall" judge necessary 'and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene 'both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreenient between them, with respect to' the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time' as he shal-hthink proper; 'he shall receive ambassadors and other public"ininistersi';x'ihe shall take care that the laws be faithfully execnted, and fluid Commission all the officers of the United States. T . * '

sect. 4. The president, vice-president and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removedffroffi- office on' irctn: impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

ARTICLE"III. i

Sect. x. The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one -supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the congress may from time to time ordain and eflablish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behaviour, and shall, at stated

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