of the country by the Democrats, as the partisans of France were then known. These opposed the first excise tax, thus causing the Whisky Insurrection. These poles came to be regarded as one of the distinctive emblems of the party, and were variously known as Sedition poles or Anarchy poles.

Lieutenant-General is at present the highest grade in the United States Army. The grade of General of the Army (which see) was created for a particular purpose, and while in existence ranked that of LieutenantGeneral. This latter office was first created by Congress for George Washington in 1798 during our troubles with France. It then lapsed until renewed by Congress for General Winfield Scott, who was made Lieutenant-General by brevet. In 1864 it was once more revived for General Grant and continued for Generals Sherman and Sheridan. The latter was the last incumbent. Upon his death in 1888, Congress decreed that the grade should be again stricken from the list. The senior major-general, Jno. M. Schofield is now commander of the army.

Lincoln, Abraham, the sixteenth President of the United States, was born in Hardin County, Kentucky, February 12, 1809. In 1830 he moved with his father and family to Macon County, Illinois. From there he made several trips to New Orleans as flat-boatman, and on his return superintended a flouring-mill near Springfield. In 1832 he enlisted in the Black Hawk War and was elected captain. When he returned to civil life he entered politics and ran for the State Legislature, but was defeated, his first and only defeat in a popular election. He then returned to business pursuits, in which he was unsuccessful. His schooling had been inconsiderable, but he had taken advantage of every opportunity for improvement, and after his want of success in business he was for a while a surveyor, but financial troubles compelled him to drop that employment in 1837. During this time he was studying law in his leisure hours, and in 1836 he was admitted to the bar. In 1834 he had been elected to the Legislature of Illinois, in which he served four successive terms; he twice received the vote of his

party, the Whigs, for the speakership, but was neither time elected. After retiring from the Legislature he practiced law, and in 1846 was elected to Congress, being the only Whig Congressman from Illinois. He declined a renomination and was defeated as a candidate for the Senate, and then returned to his law practice. Lincoln and Douglas had been opposed to each other in so many debates that people naturally turned to the former to answer any of Douglas' speeches. In 1858 Douglas stumped the State to aid his canvas for the United States Senate; Lincoln was nominated to oppose him, and the two held seven joint debates at different points in the State. This debate attracted universal attention and largely increased Lincoln's reputation. The Republican popular vote was larger than the Democratic, but the election was by the Legislature, which chose Douglas. In 1859 the Ohio Democrats summoned Douglas to aid them in their canvass for Governor, and the Republicans naturally appealed to Lincoln, who responded. In 1860, at the request of the Young Men's Republican Club of New York, he delivered an address in that city on the political situation, closing with the words: "Let us have faith that right makes might, and in that faith let us to the end dare to do our duty as we understand it." On May 18, 1860, the Republican National Convention met at Chicago and nominated Lincoln for the presidency. He was elected, and March 4, 1861, he was inaugurated. His administration was marked by the Civil War, for particulars in regard to which see Amnesty Proclamation; Civil War; Emancipation Proclamation; War Powers, etc. In 1864 he was reëlected. On the evening of April 14, 1865, he was shot while attending a performance at Ford's Theater, Washington, by John Wilkes Booth, a Southern sympathizer. He lingered until the next morning, when he died. As before stated Lincoln was self-educated, and the simplicity and generosity that characterized his early life was maintained by him throughout his career. Even during the darkest hours of the war, with the weight of the whole struggle resting upon him, while numberless matters engrossed his attention, none were refused an

audience, and in every case of appeal to executive clemency relief was granted if there were any mitigating circumstances. Though abhorring slavery and opposing its extension, he was not an abolitionist, as has frequently been charged; he was of the people, and always kept in touch with them. His humor was irrepressible, and even the gravest subject was enlivened by a story; but in his disposition there was a streak of profound melancholy most strongly manifest while the responsibility of the war lay heaviest upon him. Below are given the speech made by Lincoln at the dedication, in November, 1863, of a portion of the battle-field of Gettysburg as a cemetery for those that had fallen there, and the close of his second inaugural address: Gettysburg Speech-" Four-score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us, that from those honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not

perish from the earth." Close of his second inaugural address-With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphans, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations."

Lincoln Brotherhood.-A name given to many of the organizations effected among the negroes at the South during the reconstruction period for the protection of their newly-acquired rights.

Line of Succession. (See In the Line of Succession.)

Little Band. (See Burr, Aaron.)

Little David.-A nickname of John Randolph, of Virginia, given him because in debate he compared himself to David and his opponent to Goliath.

Little Giant.-A popular name of Stephen A. Douglas, given in recognition of his small stature and great power as a speaker.

Little Mac.-An affectionate name by which General George B. McClellan was called by his soldiers. McClellan was born at Philadelphia in 1826. He graduated at West Point, but had left the army before the outbreak of the Civil War. He was made a Major-General, and was the first commander of the army of the Potomac. He ran for President against Lincoln in 1864. He resigned his commission in that year. He died in 1885.

Little Magician.-A name popularly given to Martin Van Buren because of his shrewdness and success as a politician.

Little More Grape, Captain Bragg.-At the battle of Buena Vista in 1847, during the Mexican War, the Americans under General Zachary Taylor were attacked by overwhelmingly superior numbers under Santa Anna. Toward the close of the day the Americans were being beaten back, when Captain Braxton Bragg's battery was brought to within a few feet of the

enemy, where even its first discharge of grape staggered the Mexicans. Seeing the effect, Taylor shouted: "A little more grape, Captain Bragg." The phrase has lived and is still used as an exclamation of encouragement for a particularly successful first effort. The truth of this anecdote is denied by some.

Little Rhody, or Rhoda, are familiar names of the State of Rhode Island.

Lobby, The, is a term applied collectively to men that make a business of corruptly influencing legislators. The individuals are called Lobbyists. Their object is usually accomplished by means of money paid to the members, but any other means that is considered feasible is employed. In many cases women are engaged in this profession, for such it has come to be. The lobby is sometimes facetiously called the Third House. The term lobby, literally meaning the ante-rooms of the halls of Congress, has come to be applied to these men that frequent them.

Local Option.-Where the Prohibitionists can not secure a general law for a whole State; prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors as a beverage, they seek to have passed a general law authorizing each city or town to adopt a prohibitory law as regards itself. This relegating of the decision to the separate communities is called local option. Many of the States have been willing to go at least as far as this in meeting the wishes of the Prohibitionists, and the tendency to do so is not likely to be checked at present. Among the States that permit local option are Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas and Missouri. (See High License; Prohibition.)

Lockwood, Belva A., was born at Royalton, New York, in October, 1830. Her maiden name was Bennett. She taught school for several years, and then, at the age of eighteen, married a man named McNall. After his death she studied at several institutions, and in 1857 was graduated at Genesee College, Lima, New York. She