To be Prepared for War is one of the Most Effectual Means of Preserving Peace.-This sentence occurs in the address which Washington delivered in person before Congress at the opening of its second session, January 8, 1790.

Toledo War.-In 1835, a dispute which had smouldered for some years between the State of Ohio and Michigan Territory came to a head. The controversy arose as to a tract of land, which included the city of Toledo, and was claimed by both the State and the Territory: hence the name of the Toledo war. The militia were called out on both sides. Finally the national government interferred. President Jackson removed Governor Mason, of Michigan Territory, for his officiousness, and Congress, in 1836, settled the controversy by admitting Michigan as a State on condition of her yielding the claim to the tract in dispute, the Upper Peninsula being given her in compensation. Under this act Michigan became a State in January of the next year.

Tompkins, Daniel D., was born at Searsdale, New York, June 21, 1774, and died on Staten Island, New York, June 11, 1825. He was a lawyer, and a graduate of Columbia. He served as justice of the Supreme Court of the State, and as Governor from 1807 to 1817. From 1817 to 1825 he was Vice-President of the United States. He was a Democrat. During the War of 1812, while Governor of New York, he personally rendered considerable financial aid to the federal government, with the result of passing his last days deeply in debt. Tonnage Tax.-A tax imposed on each ton of burden of vessels entering in a port. (See Navigation Laws.)

Tory. The terms Whig and Tory had been in use in English politics for about one hundred years before the American Revolution; the first as designating the faction opposing the royal prerogative and generally in favor of reforms, the latter as upholding the prerogative and clinging to old institutions. In the colonial days of this country, the term Tory thus came to mean an adherent of the crown, and the term Whig an opponent thereof,

and so at the outbreak of the Revolution the American sympathizers were known as Whigs, the supporters of England as Tories. The termination of the war and the resulting independence of this country, did away with differences characterized by the terms and so with the terms themselves. (See American Whigs.)

To the Victor Belong the Spoils of the Enemy. In 1832 Martin Van Buren was nominated by President Jackson for the post of Minister to England. He was rejected. In the course of the debate on his nomination, it was charged that Van Buren had introduced in Washington the spoils system as practiced in New York politics. Senator William L. Marcy, of New York, in replying, used the following language in reference to these New York politicians: "They see nothing wrong in the rule that to the victor belong the spoils of the enemy."

Trade Dollars.-(See Coinage.)

Trading is a form of political treachery. When an organization withholds its support from a particular candidate or candidates of its own party and works for his opponent at the polls, it is said to be "trading" its candidate off. The friends of the opponent thus aided, agree in return to support some other candidate of the organization. The success of some member of a ticket is thus assured by the abandonment of the remainder. An organization will sometimes thus abandon one of its candidates even when it has no desire to insure by his defeat the election of some other of its own nominees; in those cases the consideration is money and the transaction is termed selling out. Both of these operations are common, especially in cities where voters are many and organizations compact. They are usually carried out by printing on ballots the names of all the regular party nominees, except that of the candidate traded off; for this name that of the opponent is substituted, and as voters usually do not scan their ballots carefully, the result is easily accomplished. In New York City where the Democratic majority is overwhelming, it is very common for a local Republican ticket to be nominated, with no intention of honest support, but merely for the pur

pose of trading it off, and of thus gaining votes for the Republican State or national ticket. To remedy these evils some States have provided for the printing of ballots at the public expense.

Treason is an act of disloyalty to a government of which the offender is a citizen or subject. It is sometimes called high treason in distinction from petit treason, which is the killing ci a person to whom the criminal owes duty or obedience, as a husband or a master. Petit treason in England and the United States is now considered merely as murder. Misprision of treason is concealment by one who has knowledge of a treasonable act. By the Constitution, Article 3, section 3, treason against the United States consists "only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort." The history of European nations. shows that kings have made free use of accusations of treason to secure the death of political offenders and to obtain possession of their property. To avoid this form of oppression in the United States, the Constitution further provides that conviction of treason can only follow 66 on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court," and that forfeiture of property shall last no longer than the criminal's life. The Act or 1790 prescribed death as the punishment of treason. The trial of Aaron Burr was the most important one that occurred under this act. By the Act of 1862 the punishment of treason, in the discretion of the court, is death or imprisonment for not less than five years and a fine of not less than $10,000; the slaves of the offender were also declared free, and he was rendered incapable of holding federal office. At the close of the Civil War there were a few indictments for treason at the South, including that of Jefferson Davis, but these were never pushed to trial. Treason may also be committed against the individual States of the Union, and the Constitutions of most of them define treason in a similar way to the wording of the federal Constitution. Prosecutions for treason against a State are very rare. The prosecution of the leader of the Dorr Rebellion, in

Rhode Island, resulted in his being sentenced to imprisonment for life, but in a few years he was restored to liberty and all his rights. (See Attainder.)

Treasury Department is one of the three original executive departments of the government. It was established by Act of Congress of September 2, 1789. At its head is the Secretary of the Treasury, who is a member of the President's Cabinet. He is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. His salary is $8,000. This department has charge and control not only of all the fiscal affairs of the government, but also of the national banks (so far as they are subject to government control), of the currency and coinage, of the customs and internal revenue systems, the commercial marine, the light-house and life-saving systems, the coast and interior surveys, the inspection of steam vessels and of the marine hospitals. The principal assistants of the Secretary are given below:

Below is given a list of the Secretaries of the Treasury from the beginning of the government:

Treasury, Secretary of the. (See Treasury Department.)

Treaties of the United States.-For treaties relating to the Canadian fisheries see Fishery Treaties. For the other important treaties, which have distinctive names see Ashburton Treaty; Burlingame Treaty; ClaytonBulwer Treaty; Jay's Treaty; Tripartite Treaty; Treaty of Ghent; Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; Treaty of Paris;