III.

1. What is a pronoun ? What is the difference between a relative pronoun and a demonstrative pronoun? (0) 2. Name the relative pronouns. Decline "who." (c) 3. Conjugate the verb "do" throughout the indicative mood. (c)

4. Write a short passage containing all the parts of speech. Parse each word in it. (c)

IV.

1. Give the possessive case, singular and plural, of the feminine of ram, gander, monk, wizard, testator, poet, husband. (c)

2. Give the present tense, the past tense, and the perfect (past) participle of abide, bear, split, swing, lead, forsake, flee, shear, win, swell. (c)

3. Describe (with examples) the formation of the adverb in English. (c)

4. What parts of speech are the following words:fifth, few, kill, cavalry, bravo, how, neither, firstly, mine, and which.

V.

1. Under what circumstances should capital letters be used? (C.P.)

2. Which are the compound pronouns ? (C.P.)

3. Explain the parts of the following words printed in italics-shepherdess, bullet, cartoon, sluggard, judgment, alive.

4. Explain the terms-Etymology, case, mood, tense, infinitive, subjunctive.

VI.

1. What is meant by the grammar of a language? (C.P.) 2. Is the plural of nouns always formed by adding s or es: If not, how? What is the difference between fish and fishes, pennies and pence, when used as plurals? (C.P.)

3. Are a participle and an adjective the same? (C.P.) 4. Parse: "Won is the glory, and the grief is past." (C.P.)

VII.

5. Give a dozen prefixes used in English, and state the force of each. (L.U.)

1. How may we most conveniently classify the English irregular verbs? (L.U.)

2. How are degrees of comparison formed in English? Give six examples of irregular formations. Of what word is first the superlative. (L.U.)

3. State the origin and describe the force of the following prefixes and suffixes respectively :-Re-, -ness, -kin, for-, -tion, dis-, -our, pre-, -ster, sub-, pur-, -ful. (L.U.)

VIII.

1. When are who, which, and what, interrogative pronouns ?

2. Tell the number and the names of the parts of speech in the sentence-A green field was mown.

3. By the help of suffixes convert the following adjectives into nouns :-Sweet, humble, wise, broad, pure, perfect; and the following nouns into adjectives :-snow, grace, brother, sense, fool, wood.

Give two other examples of each formation; and state to what language each suffix belongs. (L.U.)

4. Some adverbs admit of degrees of comparison; how are they generally compared ? Give four examples.

IX.

1. How are primary and secondary derivatives formed? Give examples.

2. Give examples of the usage of prefixes, and suffixes. 3. What is meant by a diminutive? Give examples. 4. Point out the simple and the compound words in the following-love, beloved, befriend, manhood, skill, at, many, livelihood.

X.

1. Parse the following sentences:-He went with me to London. John hit the dog with a large stick. Mary and her sister are gone to school. Will you come and play with me. The bravest does not always succeed.

England is a peninsula. Go to bed! They will be very pleased to see you. On one side there is no limit to the view, but we gaze in admiration over pasture and ploughing, village and homestead, copse and meadow, till sight can pierce no further and all seems dim.

CHAPTER IV.

SYNTAX AND ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES.

201.-SYNTAX teaches us the rules which regulate the various parts of a sentence, and shows how words and groups of words are related to each other.

202.-A sentence is the expression in words of any complete thought which comes into the mind.

203.-Every sentence is built up as it were of two or more parts, and the taking to pieces, or dividing the sentence into these parts, is termed Analysis.

204.-A sentence must consist of at least two words, one to denote whatever is spoken or written about, called the subject, and the other expressing what we wish to say or write concerning it, called the predicate. Thus Birds fly. The first of these words denotes the subject of our thought, and the latter signifies what we desire to say about the "birds" and forms the predicate in the

sentence.

205.-It will be seen that when two words only are used to form a sentence, they must be words belonging to different parts of speech.

206. Generally the subject of the sentence is a noun, and the predicate a verb, but sometimes other parts of speech are used to fill these places.

207.—If then the subject consist of a word it must be either: :

1. A Noun, as: William perished.

2. A Pronoun, as: He hit the table.

3. A Numeral, as: Many are called, but few chosen. 4. A Participle, as: Walking is healthy.

5. A Supine, as: To walk is healthy.

208.-It will be seen that only such words can be used as the subject of a sentence as can be used instead of a noun. 209. When the subject consists of a single word, it

is called the simple subject; but it is frequently impossible to make ourselves thoroughly understood without the use of other words to extend the meaning of the subject: thus we might say, "Brave William perished;" or, "Brave little William perished while attempting to save his sister." In these sentences the subject is said to be enlarged by the use of adjuncts.

210. The Predicate, in the same way as the Subject, may either be simple or enlarged.

211.-The simple Predicate is either

1. A Verb, as: "The boy is here."

"Birds fly."

2. The Verb "to be," with a noun, adjective, or other word or words attached, as: John is a naughty boy. He is very clever.

212.- In the following sentences the subject is printed in italics and the predicate in ordinary type.

EXAMPLES OF SUBJECT AND PREDICATE.

Birds fly. The bird flies. I am. God is. Horses neigh. The fish swims. The water flows. The boy is running. The clock is ticking. Many were killed. Few escaped.

EXERCISE.

66

1. Point out the subject in each of the following sentences, and state what part of speech it is. Thus : The horse kicks." Horse. Subject. Noun.

Dogs bark. Ducks quack. The turkey gobbles. The parrot talks. The man dances. The men eat. Talking is healthy. The knife cuts. The singing is good. The boy is jumping. The girl is skipping The cat is mewing. To breathe is essential to life. Where is he? Lions roar. Few can write well. Swimming is often dangerous. You can go.

2. Write out ten sentences with a Noun as subject.

دو

Pronoun
Numeral
Participle
Supine

3. Point out the predicates in Questions one and two.

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION.

What is understood by Syntax? Define a sentence. What is the least number of words which can be used to form a

sentence? Give examples. What is meant by Analysis? by Subject? by Predicate? Must the subject always be a Noun? What parts of speech may be used instead of the Noun? What is meant by simple subject? By enlarged subject? Can the predicate be enlarged? What are the words called by means of which the subject is enlarged?

213.-When the predicate of a sentence consists of a transitive verb, there must be a third part to the sentence, for the verb denotes that an action passes onwards from the subject to an object, or, in other words, the verb denotes that the person or thing signified by the subject performs some action, the effect of which is received by some person or thing signified by the object of the sentence. Thus, "John hit the table." Here John performs an action the effect of which is received by the table; therefore table is said to be the object of the sentence.

214.-The object may either be simple or enlarged like the subject, and can be expressed by the same parts of speech.

215.-The following are examples of sentences containing the three parts, Subject, Predicate, and Object.

216.-Point out the object in each of the following sentences and state in each case what part of speech forms the object.

Girls love to dance. the tiger. He disliked conquered the Gauls. continued obstinate.

EXERCISE.

Boys love to play. The lion killed work. I have a canary. Cæsar The Greeks beat the Trojans. He David is called the Psalmist of Israel. David loved Jonathan. They built the palace. The victors knocked down the walls.

Write out ten sentences each containing an object.

217.-The enlarged subject may be formed by any words that can be used to modify a noun. These may be1. An adjective, as, The noblest study is Man. Now came still evening on.