(used transitively); have, hear, let, (used transitively); make, must, need, (used as an auxiliary); and see, with verbs of like meaning, behold, watch, &c.

"If the prophet had bid thee do some great thing."— (2 KINGS, v. 13.)

"Who durst defy the Omnipotent to arms."-(MILTON.) Certainly it is heaven upon earth to have a man's mind move in charity, rest in Providence, and turn upon the poles of truth."-(BACON.)

"I hear thee speak of a better land."-(HEMANS.)
"He need not have gone."-(ANGUS.)

273. The perfect participle, and not the past tense, comes after the verbs have and be:

** to be drunk on the premises.

"He has closed his eyes." 274.-All prepositions govern the objective case :-I am going to London.

275. Some conjunctions have their corresponding conjunctions; thus:

Neither requires nor after it: as Neither he nor his brother

was in.

276.-Interjections are inserted without being connected, by way of construction, with the other words of a sentence. In such sentences as, O that this were so! that does not join its sentence to O, but to I wish understood.-(CURREY.)

SPECIMEN OF PARSING.

Hecuba, with earnest prayer and maternal tenderness, beseeches him to remain within the walls.

Hecuba

with

earnest

prayer

and

maternal

tenderness

beseeches

him

to remain

within

the

walls

Proper noun, third person, feminine gender, singular number, nominative case to beseeches. Preposition.

Adjective, positive degree, qualifying the noun prayer.

Common noun, third person, neuter gender, singular number, objective case, governed by the preposition with.

Co-ordinative conjunction.

Adjective, positive degree, qualifying the noun tenderness.

Common noun, third person, neuter gender, singular number, objective case, governed by the preposition with understood,

Transitive verb, third person, singular number, agreeing with its nom. Hecuba, present tense, indicative mood.

Personal pronoun, third person, masculine gender, singular number, objective case, governed by the transitive verb beseeches.

Infinitive of verb to remain.

Preposition.

Definite article.

Common noun, third person, neuter gender, plural number, objective case, governed by the preposition within.

"The mighty minstrel breathes no longer : Mid mouldering ruins low he lies:

And death, upon the braes of Yarrow,

The

Has closed the shepherd-poet's eyes." -(WORDSWORTH.)
Definite article, limiting minstrel.

mighty minstrel

breathes

Adjective, positive degree, qualifying minstrel. Common noun, third person, masculine gender, singular number, nominative case to the verb breathes.

Intransitive verb, third person, singular number, agreeing with its nom. minstrel, indicative mood, present tense.

no

longer

Adverb, qualifying longer.

Adverb of time, qualifying breathes.

'mid for amid Preposition.

mouldering Adjective qualifying ruins.

ruins

low he

lies

and

death

upon the braes

of

Yarrow

has

closed

has closed

the

Common noun, third person, neuter gender, plural number, objective case, governed by the preposition 'mid.

Adverb of manner, qualifying lies.

Personal pronoun, third person, masculine gender, singular number, nominative case to the verb lies.

Intransitive verb, third person, singular number, agreeing with its nom. he, present tense, indicative mood.

Conjunction.

Common noun, third person, neuter gender, singular number, nominative case to the verb has closed.

Preposition.

Definite article limiting braes.

Common noun, third person, neuter gender, plural number, objective case, governed by the preposition upon.

Preposition.

Proper noun, third person, neuter gender, singular number, objective case, governed by the preposition of.

Third person, present tense, indicative mood of auxiliary verb to have.

Perfect participle of verb to close.

Transitive verb, third person, singular number, agreeing with its nom. death, past tense, indicative mood.

Definite article limiting eyes.

shepherd-poet's Common noun, third person, masculine gender, singular number, possessive case.

eyos

Common noun, third person, neuter gender, plural number, objective case, governed by the verb has closed.

CHAPTER V.

COMPOSITION.

277.-IT is a great mistake to suppose that the study of composition can commence too early in the course of the pupil's education. The value of the ability to compose easily and correctly cannot be estimated, and this facility can only be obtained by constant practice. In a little work for beginners like this, one is able only to give general ideas without entering into detail.

278.---In order to understand the use of words, and to attain the command of an extensive vocabulary, the young pupil should be made to write themes or essays upon the commonest things with which he is surrounded. Thus the master might say, "Write out all you can about a flower-garden, the streets of the town, the breakfast table, the house, a cat, a dog, a horse, or any other common object. Probably the little student will bring up nothing more than a list of trees and vegetables in the garden, or a list of such things as were upon the breakfast table; but soon he will learn to give expressions of like or dislike about this or that object, and so on, gradually accumulating powers of description, &c., as he grows older.

279.-The spelling and punctuation of these exercises should be carefully attended to. The period or full-stop in punctuation should claim attention first, the other stops being left till the use of this one is thoroughly understood. The following are a few rules which may be noticed relating to the various stops used in punctuation.

280.-By punctuation we mean the art of so arranging the stops that no unnecessary exertion shall be given to the reader, and that the full and complete meaning of the sentence may be easily ascertained.

281.-The stops used in English are:1. The full-stop or period

2. The comma

The word comma means a portion cut off.

4. The colon

5. The note of interrogation

6. The note of exclamation or admiration.

7. The parenthesis

(?)
(!

282.-The full-stop is placed at the end of every sen

tence:

I am here. The book is mine.
Had I a thousand years to live

I'd gladly spend them all with thee.

The pause made at a full-stop is longer than that made at any other stop; and in reading there is generally a slight depression of the voice whilst saying the last few words of the

sentence.

283.-The comma is used for a short pause:-
:-

"A book at once so bewildering in its speculations, and so unbrokenly miserable in its details, is certainly not within the limits of our experience."

284.-The semi-colon is used to indicate a longer pause; it is placed between co-ordinate sentences.

"The illustrations are many and good; some of them are spoilt by florid colouring."

"On Saturday morning there was the second rehearsal of the band alone at half-past eight; at half-past ten of the chorus.

285.-The colon is used in cases where a longer pause than the semi-colon is required, as in co-ordinate sentences where the different parts of the sentence have not a very close connection :

"The title of Mr. Lloyd's book prepared us for a bad imitation of Dickens at his worst: but it did not, nothing could have prepared us for the reality."

286.-The note of interrogation is used at the end of every sentence which asks a question :

What does it prove?

How many sheep have you?

287.-The note of admiration or exclamation is used after interjections, or exclamatory sentences, or sentences expressing admiration: