Injectio Hypodermica.—Solution for hypodermic or subcutaneous injection. Enema, -atis; Clyster.-A warm solution of Soap or a mucilaginous mixture for injection in the rectum to produce evacuation, or for nutrition. Gargarisma, -atis; Gargle.—A wash or lotion for the throat. Collyrium, -i; "Eye-wash."-A weak solution for instillation in the eyes. Nebula, -a; Spray.-A liquid intended for application by means of an atomizer. Vapor, -oris; Inhalation.-Volatile agents to be added to boiling water and inhaled, to affect the air-passages. Balneum, -ei; Bath.-Mixture to be added to water for bathing purposes. OLEATA-OLEATES. The official Oleates are solutions of oleates in Oleic Acid. They are distinct from the solid oleates, which are made by double decomposition of salts of the metals and alkaline earths and sodium oleate, or Soap. (See Soap.) The liquid Oleates are intended for endermic medication. They are applied by inunction, when the Oleic Acid favors the absorption of the medicinal agent, the oleate in solution. When it is not desirable to administer remedies by the mouth, the Oleates afford an effective form of medication. The solid Oleates are either dry powders, well adapted for protectives as dusting powders, or soft, pliable masses to be applied in the form of ointments or plasters. Three are official-two liquid, and one, Zinc Oleate, semi-solid. They are made by incorporating the solid with the Oleic Acid, contained in a warm mortar, and effecting solution with a gentle heat: Oleatum Hydrargyri Oleatum Zinci Oxidi Percentage by weight. Unofficial Oleates of the National Formulary. The following are simply solutions of the alkaloids in Oleic Acid: Oleatum ACONITINE.-Contains 2 per cent. of crystallized Aconitine (Duquesnel's). QUININE.-Contains 25 per cent. of Quinine (Alkaloid). Of the solid Oleates introduced by Dr. J. V. Shoemaker, the following have been recognized, but others may also be prepared as desired: OLEATUM PLUMBI.-Contains about 28 per cent. of Lead Oxide. It is of the consistence and general character of Lead Plaster, and suggests similar use. OLEATUM ZINCI.-In the form of a soft white powder, useful as a "dusting powder," or converted into a plaster or ointment by mixing it with such proportion of Oleic Acid as may be required. OLEA INFUSA-INFUSED OILS. These preparations are obtained by infusing a dry herb, usually from the so-called narcotic plants, in five times its weight of a mixture of equal parts of Cotton Seed Oil and Lard Oil. Oleum Hyoscyami Infusum is the most familiar example. Oleum CARBOLATUM.-A mixture of Cotton Seed Oil with 5 per cent. HYOSCYAMI COMPOSITUM (Balsamum Tranquillans).-Infused COLLODIA-COLLODIONS. The Collodions are solutions in Ether-Alcohol of Pyroxylin or Soluble Gun Cotton. Upon evaporation of the solvent the remaining film excludes the air, thus protecting abraded surfaces. Collodion is also used as a vehicle when a prolonged local effect is desired. The following forms are official: 3 5 Collodium solution in ether 75; alco. 25; pyroxylin collo.) cantharides 60 Collodium Unofficial Collodions. IODATUM (Iodized Collodion).-Contains 5 per cent. Iodine in IODOFORMATUM (Iodoform Collodion).-Contains 5 per cent. SALICYLATUM COMPOSITUM (Corn Collodion).—Contains 11 per TIGLII (Croton Oil Collodion).—Contains 10 per cent. Croton UNGUENTA-OINTMENTS. Ointments are mixtures of a fatty vehicle with which medicinal agents are incorporated, readily fusing at the body-temperature, 35° to 40° C. (95° to 104° F.). The vehicles used are: Benzoated Lard, Ointment (simple), Lard, and Wax or Spermaceti in different proportions, Lard Oil, Olive Oil, and Suet. Petrolatum and Wool-fat (Adeps Lane Hydrosus, U. S. P.) are employed in unofficial ointments. The medicinal ingredients must be minutely distributed through the vehicle in order that the ointment may not prove irritating, and that the greatest possible surface be presented to the epidermis with a view to quick and uniform absorption. For this reason the highest quality of an ointment (next to its proper melting-point) is smoothness. In the preparation of ointments care must therefore be taken that the method employed be such as to yield smooth products. The melting-point is governed by the fusibility of the vehicle used, which is either officially directed, as in official preparations, or in extemporaneous preparations prescribed by the physician. The twenty-three official Ointments are prepared (1) by mechanical admixture, (2) by fusion, or (3) by chemical reaction. Mixing the medicinal substances with the fatty body in a mortar or on a slab is the process usually employed for solid substances, especially when insoluble in the fat. Powdered drugs, acids, alkaloids, extracts, and salts (not attended by chemical union) are examples adapted to this process. The following points must be observed: Solids must be in a fine powder before being incorporated with the vehicle; sometimes it is an advantage to triturate the solid with a small quantity of a bland fixed oil, as Almond Oil or Olive Oil, into a smooth cream before it is mixed with the vehicle properLard, etc. Extracts should be reduced to a semi-liquid condition by trituration with a little dilute Alcohol or Water. Substances soluble in fats, such as Carbolic Acid, Iodine, and Camphor, may be dissolved directly in the fat by the aid of a gentle heat. The following are the official Ointments, with their drugstrengths, their respective vehicles being given in parentheses: Unguentum Acidi Carbolici Acidi Tannici. Percentage of Drugs. (ointment) 5 (benz. lard) 20 60 19 (benz. lard) Aquæ Rosa (Cold Cream). . spermaceti 12.5; white Belladonna (dil. alcohol 5) extract Gallæ. Hydrargyri (Blue Ointment) lead plaster 50 oil lavender 1; olive oil 49 Iedi (potass. iod. I, water 2 parts). . (benz. lard) Potassii Iodidi (sod. hypo. sulph. 1; water 10) Unofficial Ointments of the National Formulary. UNGUENTUM ACIDI GALLICI (U. S. P. 1880).-Contains 10 per cent. Gallic Acid. UNGUENTUM CALAMINE (Unguentum Zinci Carbonatis Impuri; Turner's Cerate).-Contains 17 per cent. Zinc Carbonate (Imp.). UNGUENTUM CAMPHORE (Unguentum Camphoratum).-Contains 20 per cent. Camphor. UNGUENTUM FUSCUM (Unguentum Matris; Mother's Salve). -Contains 50 per cent. of Camphorated Brown Plaster (N. F.). UNGUENTUM MEZERII (U. S. P. 1880).-Represents 25 per cent. Mezereum. UNGUENTUM PICIS COMPOSITUM (Tar, Comp.).—Contains Oil of Tar, 4 per cent.; Tincture of Benzoin, 2 per cent.; and Oxide of Zinc, 3 per cent. UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS ALKALINUM (U. S. P. 1880).-Contains 20 per cent. Sulphur and 10 per cent. Potassium Carbonate. UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS COMPOSITUM (Wilkinson's Ointment; Hebra's Itch Ointment).-Precipitated Calcium Carbonate, 10; Sublimed Sulphur, Oil of Cade, of each, 15; Soft Soap and Lard, of each, 30 parts. The Lard is mixed with the Soft Soap and Oil of Cade; the Sublimated Sulphur and Precipitated Calcium Carbonate are then gradually incorporated. CERATA-CERATES. Cerates are mixtures of fats similar to the ointments, but of firmer consistence, because they contain Wax or Resin (having a higher melting-point than Lard) in greater proportion than do ointments. In the preparation of Cerates the same rules are to be observed as noted under Ointments. The six official Cerates are prepared by fusion or simple admixture, and one by extraction and digestion (Ceratum Cantharidis): Camphora. camphor liniment 10; lard 60; white wax Cantharidis (Blistering Cerate) Cetacei . . oil of turpentine lard, 22; cantharides 30 30 15 32 yellow wax, resin, each 18 previously fused, and evaporate to 100 olive oil 55; white wax 35; spermaceti |