growing wild in Australia, Eastern China, India, Southern Arabia, and Abyssinia.

Description and Properties.-A granular, mobile, brick-red or brownish-red powder, inodorous and nearly tasteless, imparting a deep-red color to alkaline liquids, alcohol, ether, or chloroform, and a pale yellow tinge to boiling water. Under the microscope it is seen to consist of stellately arranged, colorless hairs, mixed with depressed-globular glands, containing numerous red, club-shaped vesicles. It contains a resinous coloring matter, rottlerin, and several resins.

Dose.-1-2 drachms (4.0-8.0 Gm.).

Physiological Action and Therapeutics.-Kamala is a gastrointestinal irritant and purgative, and an efficient anthelmintic against. the Tania solium, as well as the Oxyuris vermicularis and the Ascaris lumbricoides. The drug should be taken suspended in syrup, and followed by a full dose of castor oil.

Pēpo-Pepōnis-Pumpkin Seed. U. S. P.

Origin. The seed of Cucurbita Pepo L., the common pumpkin, indigenous in tropical Asia and America, and cultivated throughout the temperate zones.

Description and Properties.-About & inch (2 Cm.) long, broadly-ovate, flat, white or whitish, nearly smooth, with a shallow groove parallel to the edge; containing a short, conical radicle and two flat cotyledons; inodorous; taste bland and oily. It contains an acrid resin, supposed to be the active principle, and from 30 to 35 per cent. of a thick red fixed oil.

Dose.-1-3 ounces (32.0-94.0 Gm.).

Physiological Action and Therapeutics.-Pumpkin seed ranks next to aspidium as a remedy for the destruction of tape-worm, and has the advantage of being free from any disagreeable taste or unpleasant action. For administration the fresh pumpkin seeds should be beaten into a paste with powdered sugar and diluted with milk or water to about 1 pint (473.17 Cc.). Previous to its administration the patient should fast for twenty-four hours, when the bowels should be flushed out with a large saline purgative. A portion of the emulsion of pumpkin seed is then to be taken, preferably in the morning, and the balance taken in two doses at intervals of about two hours, the patient meanwhile remaining in bed to prevent, as far as possible, disturbance of the stomach.

Three or four hours after the last dose of the emulsion has been taken the patient should be given a full dose of castor oil.

GROUP XVI.-EMMENAGOGUES AND ECBOLICS. EMMENAGOGUES are remedies which restore or increase the menstrual flow. They are divided, according to their action, into two classes. Those which act upon the uterine muscle or mucous membrane are said to be direct; those which influence the uterus by affecting the general health of the body, or by altering the blood-supply of the parts, or by influencing the nervous system, are said to be indirect.

The principal Direct Emmenagogues are

Stupes.

ECBOLICS OF OXYTOCICS are remedies which act directly upon the uterine muscular fibers, inducing uterine contraction, and are chiefly used during or immediately after parturition to produce or increase uterine action. They are therefore contraindicated before parturition, lest they induce abortion, although they are often used criminally for this purpose.

The exact manner in which ecbolics act is unknown, but it is

supposed that they act directly by stimulating the uterine center in the cord or reflexly through uterine congestion.

In small doses many of the ecbolics are emmenagogue, while many of the direct emmenagogues are ecbolic.

The only justifiable uses for ecbolics are in parturition, with uterine inertia and unobstructed and well-dilated maternal parts, when it is desired to hasten the delivery of the child, or, second, to induce firm contraction of the uterus, and thus prevent or check uterine hemorrhage after the birth of the child.

Drugs which have not been considered elsewhere in the present work will now be described.

Sabina-Sabīnæ-Savine. U. S. P.

Origin. The tops of Juniperus Sabina L., a small evergreen procumbent or erect shrub, distributed throughout the greater portion of Europe, Siberia, Canada, and the Northern United States.

Description and Properties.-Short, thin, subquadrangular branchlets; leaves rather dark green, in four rows, opposite, scalelike, ovate-lanceolate, more or less acute, appressed, imbricated, on the back with a shallow groove containing an oblong or roundish gland; odor peculiar, terebinthinate; taste nauseous, resinous,

and bitter.

It contains 2 per cent. of a volatile oil, tannin, resin, gum, etc. Dose.-5-15 grains (0.3–1.0 Gm.).

Official Preparation.

Extractum Sabinæ Fluidum-Extrăcti Sabinæ Fluidi-Fluid Extract of Savine.-Dose, 5-15 minims (0.3–1.0 Cc.).

Ōleum Sabinæ-Ōlei Sabina-Oil of Savine.

U. S. P.

Origin. A volatile oil distilled from Savine.

Description and Properties.-A colorless or yellowish liquid

having a peculiar terebinthinate odor and a pungent, bitterish, and camphoraceous taste. It becomes darker and thicker by age and exposure to the air. Soluble in an equal volume of alcohol.

Dose.-1-5 minims (0.06-0.3 Cc.).

Physiological Action and Therapeutics.-The action of savine depends on the presence of the volatile oil, and this oil differs in its local external effect from the oil of turpentine merely in that the oil of savine is more active. It occasions much irritation, vesication, and even pustulation when applied to the skin. Taken internally in small doses, it produces a sensation of heat in the epigastrium, with flatulence and frequently nausea. Toxic doses excite violent gastro-enteritis.

The drug stimulates the circulation, and later, under full medicinal doses, depresses it. It is rapidly absorbed, and is excreted by various channels, increasing the urinary and bronchial excretions. These excretions, as well as the sweat and breath, smell strongly of the drug.

Savine is a decided irritant to the uterus and ovaries, inducing marked hyperemia of those organs, and promoting contractions of the pregnant uterus.

Toxic doses produce symptoms similar to those occasioned by oil of turpentine-violent gastro-enteritis, suppressed or bloody urine, great depression, etc. The treatment in poisoning by oil of savine would be full doses of Epsom salt, demulcents, anodynes, and stimulants if necessary.

Savine in the form of an ointment is used as a stimulant application to keep up the discharge from blisters. An alcoholic solution of oil of savine, 5-30 minims (0.3-1.8 Cc.) to 1 ounce (30.0 Cc.), is used in alopecia pityroides.

Oil of savine is a very efficient remedy in amenorrhea, and is also of benefit in certain cases of menorrhagia due to an enlarged and passively congested uterus. The hemorrhage following abortion is usually well controlled by this remedy.

The powder or fluid extract may be given, but the oil is the most effective preparation, and may be prescribed in capsules, pills, or emulsion. It should be given cautiously.

Rūta-Rūta-Rue. (UNOFFICIAL.)

Origin. The leaves of Ruta graveolens L., an herbaceous or suffruticose perennial 2 or 3 feet (60 or 90 Cm.) high, indigenous in Southern Europe.

Description and Properties.-The leaves are ternate, the leaflets being obovate-oblong, yellowish-green, thickly dotted with minute, transparent oil-vesicles. They have a peculiar, strongly balsamic odor, and possess an aromatic, bitter, and acrid taste. The principal constituent of rue is a volatile oil. Dose.-5-20 grains (0.3-1.3 Gm.).

Ōleum Rūta-Olei Rūta-Oil of Rue. (UNOFFICIAL.) Origin. A volatile oil distilled from Ruta graveolens L.

Description and Properties.-A colorless or greenish-yellow liquid with the peculiar odor of the plant, and a pungent, somewhat acrid, bitterish taste. Soluble in an equal weight of alcohol. Dose.-2-5 minims (0.13-0.3 Cc.).

Physiological Action and Therapeutics.-The action of oil of rue is analogous to that of oil of savine, though less powerful. It is used for the same purposes also, and has occasionally been employed in hysteria.

The oil should be administered in capsules.

Caulophyllum-Caulophylli-Caulophyllum.

U.S. P.

(BLUE COHOSH.)

Origin. The rhizome and roots of Caulophyllum Thalictroides (L.) Michaux, a smooth and glaucous perennial, found in rich woodlands from Canada south to Carolina and Kentucky.

Description and Properties.-Rhizome of horizontal growth, about 4 inches (10 Cm.) long and about to inch (6 to 10 Mm.) thick, bent; on the upper side with broad, concave stem-scars and short, knotty branches; externally grayish-brown, internally whitish, tough, and woody. Roots numerous, matted, about 4 inches (10 Cm.) long and inch (1 Mm.) thick, rather tough; nearly inodorous; taste sweetish, slightly bitter, and somewhat acrid.

Caulophyllum contains an odorless, colorless, and tasteless alkaloid, caulophyllin, besides resins, tannin, starch, gum, etc.

Dose.-5-30 grains (0.3-2.0 Gm.).

Physiological Action and Therapeutics.-Blue cohosh is emmenagogue, antispasmodic, diuretic, and demulcent. It is quite an efficient remedy to increase the force of uterine contractions, and is of service in the treatment of spasmodic dysmenorrhea. It is usually given in the form of a decoction.