"I must testify to the faithfulness of these gentlemen throughout, with the single exception that at the close of the evidence they declined to argue the case unless given at least two weeks for previous preparation. The court thought this unreasonable, and so it must seem to any lawyer, for we are always supposed to be ready to go at once to the jury. The court, however, offered an adjournment of twelve days, which the counsel for the prisoner declined. This left the defendant without the advantage of an argument by his chosen counsel.

"There were three official reporters of the trial, to wit: Henry G. Hayes, D. Wolfe Brown, and William Hinks, who belonged to the Congressional corps of reporters - a most remarkably intelligent body of men. It would be hard to find three stenographers more competent for the work. They were men of intelligence in their profession, and with wide general knowledge and considerable literary attainments. I selected Mr. Hayes from these three to prepare the address of the prisoner to the court, and he performed the trust with great ability. His selection was in every way appropriate, because his sympathies were close to the border line of the rebellion; at least he felt that Wirz ought not to suffer for the performance of an official trust while acting under orders. He omitted no material point in the defense.

"In mentioning counsel I must not omit to record my high appreciation of the assistance given me at the trial by my friend and associate Major, afterwards Colonel, A. A. Hosmer, of the Judge Advocate General's Corps, now residing in Washington City (1891).

"Of the 146 witnesses sworn, 42 were called for the defendant. The power of the government was placed at his command to bring such as he wished. In the face of the testimony given for the prosecution by rebel officers and soldiers, not to speak of that given by prisoners, it is easy to understand the disparity in the number called by the respective sides.

"In the preparation for the trial I first solicited correspondence from prisoners, and I received thousands of letters. From among the writers, I selected those apparently the most ob

N

servant, and before subponing them had from them answers under oath as to the salient facts stated in their letters.

"Much of the documentary evidence, such as Colonel Chandler's and Dr. Jones's reports, came to my hands through private sources. A Union soldier picked up the Chandler report in the streets of Richmond, and I traced it, after great pains, into the hands of this man and brought him to Washington to testify. Colonel Chandler fully identified the report on the witness stand.

"The report of Dr. Jones I learned about through rebel sources, and he was brought by process to Washington, from Georgia, with the report and surrendered it to me. He also fully identified it on the witness stand, protesting, however, against being made to testify.

The Robert Ould letter I learned of through General Benjamin F. Butler. It was in the possession of a soldier at Cincinnati who refused to surrender it. I had him placed under arrest and compelled him to produce the letter and bring it to Washington.

"Many of the prison records fell into our hands when Andersonville was captured, and were cared for by Gen. J. H. Wilson. "N. P. CHIPMAN."

From my paper, Louisville, 1900, report, I will place here the following extract borrowed from President Davis's writings, which fits in very neatly right at this point:

"One final effort was now made to obtain an exchange. This consisted in my sending a delegation from the prisoners at Andersonville, to plead their cause before the authorities at Washington. It was of no avail. President Lincoln refused to see them. They were made to understand that the interests of the government of the United States required that they should return to prison and remain there. They carried back the sad tidings that their government held out no hope for their release."

In 1864 the attention of the humane people of the North was attracted to this subject. Rumors and reports of neglect and ill usage of prisoners became so frequent and explicit, and apparently so well founded, that investigation was demanded. The high mortality at the military prison at Rock Island, Ill., at

tracted the attention of individuals in private and public life, and leading newspapers in Illinois, New York, and elsewhere united in charging the commandant of the prison with inhumanity to the prisoners under his charge. There is no record that a military commission was appointed to investigate, but the following is a part of the published reply of the commandant to his accusers:

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HEADQUARTERS ROCK ISLAND BARRACKS,

ROCK ISLAND, ILL., Nov 23, 1864.

* "In the first place, instead of placing them in fine comfortable barracks, with three large stoves in each and as much coal as they can burn, both night and day, I would place them in a pen with no shelter but the heavens, as our poor men were at Andersonville. Instead of giving them the same quality and nearly the same quantity of provisions that the troops on duty receive, I would give them as near as possible the same quantity and quality of provisions that the fiendish rebels give our men; and instead of a constant issue of clothing to them, I would let them wear their rags, as our poor men in the hands of the rebel authorities are obliged to do. *

* *

"A. J. JOHNSON, Colonel Fourth Regiment Reserve Corps, Command Post." The above extract is from the records of the Rebellion Series

II, Vol. 8, page 17. Rock Island Prison was established in December, 1863, and during its little more than one year held 2,484 Confederate prisoners, losing by death 1,922, and with survival of only 562, or within a fraction of 80 per cent. dying.

SIR JAMES PAGET has followed up the lives of 1000 medical students who had joined the medical school of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, with the following result: Twenty-three met with distinguished success, 66 met with considerable success, 507 met with fair success, 124 met with very limited success, 56 failed, 96 discontinued medical studies while in pupilage, 41 died during pupilage, and 87 died within twelve years of commencing practice.

Obituary.

DR. WILLIAM AILLS was born in Louisville, Ky., Jan. 8, 1826, and died at his home, near Steen's Creek, Miss., Jan. 14, 1905. Dr. Aills graduated at Dennison University (Ohio), took a course of lectures in New Orleans, and at the age of twenty years he moved to Steen's Creek, began practice, and lived there the remainder of his life. He offered his services to the Confederacy early in 1861, was appointed regimental surgeon of the 6th Mississippi Infantry, was promoted to brigade surgeon, and at the close of the war was division surgeon. Returning home after the surrender, he married in 1866 Miss Sarah Farish, of Copiah County, who, with seven children, survives him.

From the record blank filled out by him and on file we learn that he entered the Confederate service at Grenada, Miss., Aug. 24, 1861, as surgeon, and surrendered at Greensboro, N. C., April 26, 1865. He saw service at Shiloh, Corinth, Bayou Sara, Port Gibson, the Dalton-Atlanta campaign, Franklin, and Bentonsville.

WALTER HAIGH DRANE, M. D., New York University, New York City, 1854, surgeon of the Twenty-Seventh Georgia Infantry, C. S. A., in the Civil War, a member of the Confederate Veterans Medical Association, died at his home in Batesville, Miss., March 28, from heart disease, after an illness of two years, aged seventy-three.

From the record blank we learn that he entered the Confederate service at Griffin, Ga., in February, 1862, as a private, and surrendered at Greensboro, N. C., as surgeon.

STEPHEN HARRIS RUSHING, M. D., Department of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1853, surgeon in the Confederate service during the Civil War, died at his home in Alexandria, La., April 20, aged seventy-five.

DR. JOHN S. WILLIAMS died at his home at Gladys, Va., April 9, 1905, aged sixty-nine years. He was born in Campbell County, Va., and graduated at the University of New York in 1859. He served as an assistant surgeon in the Confederate Army. He was a member of the Medical Society of Virginia, as are two of his sons, Drs. H. B. and W. L. Williams.

DR. WILLIAM HARPER, M. D., Tulane University of Louisiana Medical Department, New Orleans, 1852, formerly of Tallahatchie County, Miss,. surgeon in the Confederate Army throughout the Civil War, and for many years a practitioner of Minter City, Miss., died at the home of his daughter in Memphis, Tenn., March 30, 1905, from organic heart disease, after an illness of six weeks, aged seventy-six.

Editorial.

RATIONAL TREATMENT OF INFANTILE DIARRHEA.- For years the treatment of diarrhea in children, commonly known as summer complaint, has been a stumbling-block for the practitioner mainly because the true nature of the disease was never thoroughly understood.

As a matter of fact, the prevention of the disease is quite easy, but as it depends altogether upon the parent who has the children in charge, neglect is always accountable for the sickness. The result is that the physician is seldom called until mischief has been done.

Under the circumstances, rapid treatment has to be resorted to if fatalities are to be avoided. The main point is to modify the diet, suppressing objectionable food, particularly milk not properly modified in strength and sterilized. Meanwhile the bowels should be kept in a thor

oughly aseptic condition.

An experience of ten years or more has demonstrated that this is better accomplished through the use of Tyree's Antiseptic Powder; one teaspoonful or less of this Powder diluted in a pint of tepid water makes an ideal washing for the intestine as an enema.

The same Antiseptic Powder proves also eminently beneficial administered internally. This fact is amply demonstrated by physicians who have for years made a clinical use of Tyree's Antiseptic Powder.