metic. For the advanced section this has meant the gaining of an insight as to what numbers really mean, facility in counting, translating their numerals into our simpler and elastic ones, addition, subtraction, a partial mastery of the multiplication tables and practise in their operation, both by multiplication and division. To this were added examples, practical and useful, to illustrate the usefulness of what had been acquired.

"The advanced section was also given lessons on the outlines of American history and also in drawing simple straight-line delineations. One or two lessons were given each week in physiology and hygiene to the three sections.

"One element omitted in the report is that of ages. These it is impossible to obtain, the Eskimos having kept no record of years in the past; but on the average the primary class includes all those from about nine years down, the intermediate between nine and twelve, and the advanced from twelve to sixteen. The two adults reported were about twenty to twenty-two years of age." P. H. D. Lerrigo, M. D., teacher at St. Lawrence island, writes:

"In mental ability the native children seem to compare favorably with those of more civilized countries. Some few are hopelessly dull, but the majority are capable of comprehending and retain ing the subjects which engage the attention of white children of similar age. A few are remarkably bright and exhibit capability for mental

continued. The discipline was upon the whole well maintained and punishment not frequently necessary. Upon a few occasions dismissing the culprit from the schoolroom seemed to produce a sufficient moral effect. In June, after the school was closed for the year, during my absence from the village, some of the boys broke into the house and committed trifling pilfering, but took nothing of any great value. Upon this occasion I considered it necessary to take a little more vigorous action, and administered corporal punishment to the two leaders, after giving them a moral lecture upon the enormity of their misdeed. The parents came to me almost unanimously, apologizing for their children, some of them returning the stolen articles, some bringing payment for the things eaten, while others relieved me of the necessity of further action by thrashing their boys themselves."

In these schools the natives are Eskimos; but in those attended by the Indians the attendance is as regular, and the pupils seemingly as desirous of instruction and advancement. The native children, if sent to school regularly, learn slowly but surely," in the words of another teacher. "Their faith in the white man is great, and for that reason it is easy to work among them. Irregular attendance and tardiness are due to home surroundings. The parents are often indifferent as to whether the children attend or not." The homes are without system, and the children are

often tardy or must stay at home because some article of clothing is lost.

The bureau reports the appointment of a citizen of Nome as superintendent of schools for the Cape Nome district, with duties similar to those of the superintendent of schools in the Sitka district-namely, to visit the schools that from time to time may be established within his district, report on their condition, examine candidates for the position of teacher, and aid this bureau with suggestions and advice regarding the educational affairs of northwestern Alaska. This was made necessary by the great increase in population in the Cape Nome region through the immigration of miners with their families. Owing to the friendly cooperation of the priests of the Russo-Greek churches throughout southwestern Alaska in urging the children of their parishioners to attend the public schools, the seating capacity of the school-buildings in that region was severely taxed. It was necessary to enlarge the school-building at Kadiak and to send additional teachers to that place and to Unalaska.

training to a very considerable extent. The great obstacles in their progress are irregularity in attendance and the lack of the gift of continuity. Their life involves nothing which is calculated to train them for continued mental application. Their work is such as requires physical strength and native acuteness for a little time, after which the strain is relaxed and they lapse into a condition of utter idleness until again required to put forth effort Consequently their faculties for long-continued mental effort are undeveloped and the children are unable to follow an extended course of work with the facility of those who have come of more civilized stock. Limited by these drawbacks, however, they have during the past year made an appreciable advance in the use of Eng lish, in arithmetic, in geography, and in general knowledge.

Precedent had accustomed the children to moderate talking during school hours, and as it did not interfere with the work, the custom was

In several sections of Alaska the influx of white men has resulted in an increased interest in schools on the part of the adult native Alaskans. Realizing the advantages to be obtained by such a knowledge of the English language as will enable them to trade intelligently with the white men, they have made requests for night-schools. At Wood island it was possible to comply with such a request, and the result has been very satisfactory. At Gravina, Saxman, and Wrangell native Alaskans are efficient members of the local school committees.

In addition to the schools established by the

United States Bureau, most of the missions to Alaska maintain schools teaching general and industrial branches. The Presbyterian Church supports 14 missions, the Sitka Hospital, and the Sitka Training-School; the Protestant Episcopal Church, 10 missions; the Moravians, 3; the Friends, 4; the Baptist Church, 1; the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1; the Congregational Church, 2; the Swedish Evangelical Mission Covenant, 3; the Roman Catholic Church, 5 and the Dawson Hospital; and the Orthodox Russo-Greek Church,

14.

The Sitka Training-School reports as follows: "Teachers, 9 (2 of whom are natives); pupils, boarding, 147; day, 4; total, 151. Salaries, $6,818.73; current expenses, $8,874.59; total, $15,693.32. Received from tuition, $297.10. During the year the Sitka Training-School for native boys and girls has been successfully conducted. The teachers are well qualified for the positions they occupy, and both in the class room and in the industrial departments the work is conscientiously and well done. The carpenter shop and boat-building shop are under the management of two competent mechanics who thoroughly understand their business. In these the young men are taught trades which will enable them to make for themselves an honest support in the future. The shoe shop, in which is manufactured every pair of shoes worn by the entire school, is under the direction of a native Alaskan, who learned his trade in this school. This shop brings in considerable income from work done for outside parties. The sewing classes, cooking classes, and science kitchen are all under the direction of trained instructors, who are preparing the girls to become good housewives. As a result, Sitka is turning out numbers of young men and young women who are not only well trained in the industrial arts, but are grounded in Christian principles."

The Sitka Hospital reports as follows: "Physician in charge and 2 nurses; in-patients, 179; outpatients, 1,751; total, 1,960. Salaries, $1,830.34; current expenses, $744; total, $2,574.34. Receipts, $191.90. Many operations have been performed, all of which have been successful. The Sitka Hospital is widely known, and many natives come from long distances to receive treatment therein. Much good is accomplished by the religious instruction which is imparted along with the help given to the body." These two institutions the training-school and the hospital are doing much toward the regeneration, education, and elevation of the native Alaskans."

Introduction of Domestic Reindeer. To Dr. Sheldon Jackson and Captain M. A. Healy, of the U. S. revenue cutter Bear, is due the suggestion and development of the interesting and successful experiment of introducing reindeer into central and arctic Alaska, and the training of the natives into herdsmen by the instruction of skilled deer-men brought from Lapland for the purpose. When Dr. Jackson visited arctic Alaska in 1890 for the purpose of establishing schools he found the Eskimo population slowly dying off from starvation. For ages they and their fathers had secured a comfortable living from the products of the sea, principally the whale, the walrus, and the seal. These supplies had been supplemented by the fish and aquatic birds of their rivers, and the caribou that roamed in large herds over the inland tundra. But the whalers, entering the Arctic Ocean fifty years ago, have kept up a ceaseless warfare, killing hundreds and thousands annually and driving the remnant farther and farther north into the Arctic Ocean, where they are no longer in reach of the natives. The walrus,

a few years ago so numerous that their bellowings were heard above the roar of the waves and the grinding and crashing of the ice-fields, have been so far exterminated for the sake of their ivory that the natives with difficulty procure a sufficient number of skins to cover their boats, and the flesh, on account of its rarity, has become a luxury. The canneries are on their streams, carrying the food out of the country, and by their wasteful methods destroying the future supply. And the hunter and the miner, with their breech-loading firearms, have killed off the caribou or have frightened them away to the remote and more inaccessible regions of the interior.

To have established schools among this starving people would have been of little service, and to feed them at the expense of the Government would pauperize and in the end as certainly destroy them. Some other method had to be devised, and this was suggested by the wild nomad tribes on the other side of Bering Straits, who had an unfailing food supply in their large herds of domestic reindeer. To introduce the reindeer into America would afford the Eskimo as permanent a food supply as the cattle of the Western plains and the sheep of New Mexico and Arizona do the inhabitants of those sections. The vast territory of central and arctic Alaska is abundantly supplied with the long, fibrous white moss, which is the natural food of the reindeer. Taking the statistics of Norway and Sweden as a guide, arctic and subarctic Alaska, by a conservative estimate, can support 9,000,000 head of reindeer, furnishing a supply of food and clothing, and a means of transportation, to a population of 250,000. The reindeer is to the Eskimo what the bamboo is to the Chinaman: food, clothing, shelter, utensils, and transportation. Dr. Jackson's plan was to introduce the deer as a part of the system of industrial education; to establish industrial schools where the chief instruction should be the management and propagation of reindeer; to loan these in herds of 100 or less to the various missionary stations as industrial apparatus to be used in training the teachable and capable youth as herdsmen and teamsters, on condition that after three years the Government may take from the herd a number of deer in good condition equal to the original number furnished, the stations keeping the increase. This plan has since been extended to apply to capable native apprentices with satisfactory results, and at the stations as a reward for intelligent and persevering industry two deer are given at the end of the first year's apprenticeship, and five more at the end of the second year's, to develop gradually the sense of individual ownership of property a sense which has never been developed in the tribal relation.

Dr. Jackson returned to Washington in November, 1890, and in his report to the Commissioner of Education emphasized the destitute condition of the Alaskan Eskimo and recommended the introduction of the domestic reindeer of Siberia. When the Fifty-first Congress failed to take action upon the bills brought before it in regard to the matter, Dr. Jackson, with the approval of the Commissioner of Education, issued an appeal to the friends of missionary education for a preliminary sum to begin the experiment at once, and $2,146 were subscribed. Dr. Jackson thus tells the story of the work of the first years in his report for 1895:

"As the season had arrived for the usual visit of inspection and supervision of the schools in Alaska, in addition to my regular work for the schools I was authorized to commence the work of introducing domestic reindeer into Alaska. The

natives of Siberia who own the reindeer, knowing nothing of the use of money, an assortment of goods for the purpose of barter for the reindeer was procured from the funds so generously contributed by benevolent people.

The Honorable Secretary of the Treasury is sued instructions to Capt. Healy to furnish me every possible facility for the purchase and transportation of reindeer from Siberia to Alaska. The Honorable Secretary of State secured from the Russian Government instructions to their officers on the Siberian coast also to render what assistance they could, and on May 25, 1891, I again took passage on the revenue cutter Bear, Capt. Healy in command, for the coast of Siberia.

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The proposition to introduce domestic reindeer into Alaska had excited wide-spread and general interest. In the public discussions which arose with regard to the scheme, a sentiment was found in some circles that it was impracticable; that on account of the superstitions of the natives they would be unwilling to sell their stock alive; further, that the nature of the reindeer was such that he would not bear ship transportation, and also that, even if they could be purchased and safely transported, the native dogs on the Alaskan coast would destroy or the natives kill them for food. This feeling, which was held by many intelligent men, was asserted so strongly and positively that it was thought best the first season to make haste slowly, and instead of purchasing a large number of reindeer, to possibly die on shipboard or perhaps to be destroyed by the Alaskan dogs (thus at the very outset prejudicing the scheme), it was deemed wiser and safer to buy only a few. Therefore, in the time available from other educational duties during the season of 1891, I again carefully reviewed the ground and secured all possible additional information with regard to the reindeer, and, while delaying the actual establishment of a herd until another season, refuted the correctness of the objections that the natives will not sell and the deer will not bear transportation by actually buying and transporting them.

"The work was so new and untried that many things could only be found out by actual experience. The wild deer-men of Siberia are a very superstitious people, and need to be approached with great wisdom and tact. If a man should sell us deer and the following winter an epidemic break out in his herd, or some calamity befall his family, the shamans would make him believe that his misfortune was all due to the sale of the deer. The Siberian deer-men are a non-progressive people. They have lived for ages outside of the activities and progress of the world. As the fathers did, so continue to do their children. Now, they have never before been asked to sell their deer; it is a new thing to them, and they do not know what to make of it. They were suspicious of our designs. Another difficulty arises from the fact that they can not understand what we want with the reindeer. They have no knowledge of such a motive as doing good to others without pay. As a rule, the men with the largest herds, who can best afford to sell, are inland and difficult to reach. Then business selfishness comes in. The introduction of the reindeer on the American side may to some extent injuriously affect their trade in deerskins. From time immemorial they have been accustomed to take their skins to Alaska and exchange them for oil. To establish herds in Alaska will, they fear, ruin this business. Another difficulty experienced was the impossibility of securing a competent interpreter. A few of the natives of the Siberian coast have spent one or

more seasons on a whaler, and thus picked up a very little English. And upon this class we have been dependent in the past.

However, notwithstanding all these difficulties and delays, Capt. Healy, with the Bear, coasted from 1,200 to 1,500 miles, calling at the various villages and holding conferences with the leading reindeer owners on the Siberian coast. Arrangements were made for the purchase of animals the following season. Then, to answer the question whether reindeer could be purchased and transported alive, I bought 16 head, kept them on shipboard for some three weeks, passing through a gale so severe that the ship had to lie to, and finally landed them in good condition at Amaknak island, in the harbor of Unalaska.

Upon my return to Washington city in the fall of 1891 the question was again urged upon the attention of Congress, and on the 17th of December, 1891, Hon. H. M. Teller introduced a bill (S. 1109) appropriating $15,000, to be expended under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, for the purpose of introducing and maintaining in the Territory of Alaska reindeer for domestic purposes. This bill was referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry, Hon. Algernon S. Paddock, chairman. The committee took favorable action, and the bill was passed by the Senate on May 23, 1892. On the following day it was reported to the House of Representatives and referred to the Committee on Appropriations. A similar bill (H. R. 7764) was introduced into the House of Representatives by Hon. A. C. Durborow and referred to the Committee on Agriculture. On April 15 Hon. S. B. Alexander, of North Carolina, reported the bill to the House of Representatives with the approval of the Committee on Agriculture. The bill was placed on the calendar, but failed to pass the House.

"On the 2d of May, 1892, I started for my third summer's work on the coast of Siberia and arctic Alaska in the United States revenue cutter Bear, Capt. M. A. Healy commanding, and, upon the 29th of June following, selected in the northeast corner of Port Clarence (the nearest good harbor to Bering Straits on the American side) a suitable location for the establishment of an industrial school, the principal industry of which is the management and propagation of domestic reindeer. The institution is named the Teller Reindeer station. During the summer of 1892 I made five visits to Siberia, purchasing and transporting to Port Clarence 171 head of reindeer. I also superintended the erection of a large building for the offices and residence of the superintendent of the station, Mr. Miner W. Bruce, of Nebraska.

"Returning to Washington in the early winter, agitation was at once commenced before Congress, resulting in an appropriation by the Fifty-second Congress, second session (March 3, 1893), of $6,000, to be expended under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, for the purpose of introducing and maintaining in the Territory of Alaska reindeer for domestic purposes.' management of this fund was wisely laid upon the Commissioner of Education and was made a part of the school system of Alaska.

The

"At the expiration of his year's service Mr. Bruce resigned, and Mr. W. T. Lopp, of Indiana, was appointed superintendent.

Siberian herders were employed at the beginning of the enterprise, not because they were considered the best, but because they were near by and were the only ones that could be had at the time. It was realized from the first that if the Alaskan Eskimo were to be taught the breeding and care of the reindeer, it was important that

they should have the benefit of the most intelligent instructors and of the best methods that were in use. By universal consent it is admitted that the Lapps of northern Europe, because of their superior intelligence (nearly all of them being able to read and write and some of them being acquainted with several languages), are much superior to the Samoyedes deer-men of northern Europe and Asia and the barbarous deer-men of northeastern Siberia. Intelligence applied to the raising of reindeer, just as to any other industry, produces the best results.

"Therefore, when in 1893 it was ascertained that the herd at Port Clarence had safely passed its first winter (thus assuring its permanence), I at once set about securing herders from Lapland. There being no public funds available to meet the expense of sending an agent to Norway in order to secure skilled Lapp herders, I had recourse again to the private benefactions of friends of the enterprise, and $1,000 was contributed.

"Mr. William A. Kjellmann, of Madison, Wis., was selected as superintendent of the Teller Reindeer Station and sent to Lapland for herders. He sailed from New York city Feb. 21, and landed upon his return May 12, 1894, having with him 7 men, their wives and children, making 16 souls in all. This was the first colony of Lapps ever brought to the United States. They reached the Teller Reindeer Station safely on July 29, having traveled over 12,500 miles. Upon reaching the station Mr. Kjellmann took charge, relieving Mr. W. T. Lopp, who desired to return to the mission work at Cape Prince of Wales."

From these small and careful beginnings is growing up what promises to be one of the great industries of this great and resourceful district. The original purpose in 1890, to provide a new and more permanent food supply for the half-famishing Eskimo, has not been lost sight of. The Eskimos are a hardy and a docile race, their children learn readily in the schools, and they are to be a great factor in the development of the land. In the meantime," the discovery of large and valuable gold deposits upon the streams of arctic and subarctic Alaska has made the introduction of reindeer a necessity for the white man as well as the Eskimo. Previous to the discovery of gold there was nothing to attract the white settler to that desolate region, but with the knowledge of valuable gold deposits thousands will there make their homes, and towns and villages are already springing into existence. But that vast region, with its perpetual frozen subsoil, is without agricultural resources. Groceries, breadstuffs, etc., must be procured from the outside. Steamers upon the Yukon can bring food to the mouths of the gold-bearing streams, but the mines are often many miles up these unnavigable streams. Already great difficulty is experienced in securing sufficient food by dog-train transportation and the packing of the natives. The miners need reindeer transportation.

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Again, the development of the mines and the growth of settlements upon streams hundreds of miles apart necessitates some method of speedy travel. A dog team on a long journey will make on an average from 15 to 25 miles a day, and in some sections can not make the trip at all, because they can not carry with them a sufficient supply of food for the dogs, and can procure none in the country through which they travel. To facilitate and render possible frequent and speedy communication between these isolated settlements and growing centers of American civilization, where the ordinary roads of the States have no existence and can not be maintained except at an

"The introduction of reindeer is opening up a vast commercial industry. Lapland, with 400,000 reindeer, supplies the grocery stores of northern Europe with smoked reindeer hams, 10 cents per pound; smoked tongues, at 10 cents each; dried hides, at $1.25 to $1.75 each; tanned hides, $2 to $3 each, and 23,000 carcasses to the butcher shops, in addition to what is consumed by the Lapps themselves. Fresh reindeer meat is considered a great delicacy. Russia exports it frozen, in carloads, to Germany. The Norwegian Preserving Company use large quantities of it for canning. The tanned skins (soft and with a beautiful yellow color) have a ready sale for military pantaloons, gloves, bookbinding, covering of chairs and sofas, bed pillows, etc. The hair is in great demand for the filling of life-saving apparatus (buoys, etc.), as it possesses a wonderful degree of buoyancy. The best existing glue is made of reindeer horns. On the same basis Alaska, with its capacity for 9,200,000 head of reindeer, can supply the markets of America with 500,000 carcasses of venison annually, together with tons of delicious hams and tongues, and the finest of leather."

There has been some opposition to the experiment, brought about in part by the failure to carry supplies to the Klondike in the winter of 1897-'98. The purchase of several hundred deer in Lapland and their shipment across the Atlantic and the continent, and by steamship again from Seattle to Haines mission, and the dying of a large percentage of them at that point before and after their transfer from the War Department to the Department of the Interior, has very little bearing upon the work as it is being carried out in northern and western Alaska.

At the very time that the cry of starvation was raised in the newspapers concerning the miners on the Klondike, another cry went up that a large number of whalers at Point Barrow were caught in the ice, and unless they got relief, many would starve to death before spring. Accordingly, the revenue cutter Bear was outfitted and sent off to give relief. She landed a party of three officersLieuts. Jarvis and Berthoff and Dr. Call.

Un

der conditions that try men's souls, they made their way from the spot where they were landed at Cape Vancouver, a long distance south of the Yukon river, around the margin of the coast, till they came to the missionary reindeer station at Port Clarence. Here Mr. W. T. Lopp and the native Eskimo Antisarlook, at the earnest entreaty of Lieut. Jarvis, turned over their herds of reindeer to him, amounting in all to 437 animals; and the natives not only parted with their animals, but volunteered to go with Lieut. Jarvis to drive them to Point Barrow. After several fearful weeks they reached that station and gave immediate relief to those hungry men and kept them alive until the ice-pack broke up. About 100 of these animals had to be slaughtered. The food that they afforded kept 200 men alive. The annual appropriations for the work have been as follow: 1894, $6,000; 1895, $7,500; 1896, $7,500; 1897, $12,000; 1898, $12,500; 1899, $12,500; 1900, $25,000; 1901, $25,000.

The following table shows the annual increase, together with the number of deer imported since 1892:

only 29 deer were imported from Siberia during the summer was due to two causes-first, that the Bear was able to make but one visit to that coast during the season, on account of the additional service imposed upon it by the rush of miners and others to Cape Nome; and second, that a great epidemic of la grippe, measles, and pneumonia swept the whole region and affected nearly the whole population, and although the Bear cruised hundreds of miles along the coast of Siberia, calling at the various camps of the reindeer men, it was unable to secure but the small number given above.

At nearly all of the herds many of the herders were sick, a number had died, and the people were in a discouraged and despondent condition, so that men could not be found to drive up and catch the deer and the owners were unwilling to sell.

This epidemic extended the whole length of the Aleutian Islands, along both the American and Asiatic shores of Bering Sea, to Cape Prince of Wales and into the arctic, along the Siberian coast beyond Cape Serdze Kamen, and up the

Of the 3,323 deer in Alaska in 1900, 644 were still in the possession of the Government, 1,184 belonged to the 6 mission stations, and 1,495 to 20 Eskimo apprentices. From 1892 to 1900, 997 reindeer were purchased in Siberia, and from these 3,342 fawns have been born in Alaska. In addition to the annual increase in numbers, Dr. Jack son emphatically states in his report that the fawns born in Alaska greatly excel in quality those born either in Lapland or Siberia. The reindeer are developing into larger and stronger animals than the Siberian deer, from which they came. The following shows the number, distribution, and ownership of the various herds in 1900: Point Barrow: Presbyterian Mission, 100; Ojello (Eskimo), 37; total, 137. Point Hope: Electoona (Eskimo), 50; Ahlook, 50; total, 100. Cape Prince of Wales: American Missionary Association, 526; Eskimos, 460; total, 986. Teller Reindeer Station: Government, 221; Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Mission, 100; Tautook, 75; Sekeoglook, 75; Tatpan, 64; Dunnak, 50: estate of Wocksock, 75; total, 660. Cape Douglas: Mary Antisarlook, 400. Gambell, St. Lawrence island: Presbyterian Mission, 70. Golofnin Bay: Swedish Evangelical Mission, 147; Episcopal Mission, 69; Okitkon, 49; Constantine, 12; Toptok, 13; total, 290. Eaton Reindeer Station: Government, 423; Episcopal Mission, 80; Moses (Yukon native), 65; Martin Jacobsen (Eskimo), 20; total, 588. St. James Mission (Episcopal), 92. Total, 3,323.

Of the 63 herders and their families, making an aggregate of 113 Norwegians, Finns, and Laplanders brought out in 1898 in connection with the reindeer enterprise, 3 men have died; 12 men and their families, aggregating 24 people, have returned to Lapland, leaving 86 of the party still in this country. Of these 86, from 17 to 20 have made for tunes in the gold-mines since the expiration of their term of service with the Government. That

American side to Point Hope; also on the Lower Yukon river.

Reindeer Mail Service.-During the summer of 1899 the Second Assistant Postmaster-General gave to Mr. William A. Kjellmann, superintendent of reindeer in Alaska, as subcontractor, the carrying of the mail on route 78110. This route called for three round trips during the winter of 1899 and 1900 between St. Michael, Eaton, Golofnin, and Kotzebue, the latter place being north of the arctic circle. The Eaton station is on the direct winter route between Dawson, the Yukon valley, and Nome, and its station post-office is the distributing point for the mails going north to Kotzebue, south to St. Michael, west to Golofnin, Nome, Teller, and Cape Prince of Wales, and east to Yukon valley, Dawson, and the States. Mr. Kjellmann, being required to return to the States on account of sickness, gave the work into the hands of Mr. David Johnsen Elliott. Mr. Elliott employed Johan Peter Johannesen, a Lapp, as mail-carrier. The service was successfully performed with reindeer, each round trip being 1,240 miles through a wilderness without a road.

Early in the year the Post-Office Department concluded to give Nome a semimonthly service, and the contract was given Mr. William A. Kjellmann. Mr. Kjellmann being sick and in the States, instructions were sent to Dr. F. H. Gambell to take charge and see that the mail was sent through without delay. These instructions reached Eaton in February, 1900, and on the 1st of March the reindeer started from Eaton with the mail for Nome. Mr. S. Newman Sherzer was released from his duties as assistant superintendent at the station and appointed manager of the reindeer mail service to Nome. Five consecutive successful trips were made, four of them with reindeer and sleds. The five trips completed the winter contract. The round trips, a distance of 480