Sultan's dominions. The imports of cloves were £186,483 in value, and exports £197,232; imports of rice £193,497, and exports £141,631; imports of textile fabrics £367,850, and exports £345,910; imports of ivory £113,204, and exports £127,312; imports of coal £53,147; imports of copra £30,596, and exports £69,736; imports of groceries £59,562; imports of rubber £40,517, and exports £41,298. The trade was distributed as shown in the following table:

The tonnage entered at the port of Zanzibar during 1899 was 324,961 tons.

Any slave can get his liberty on application. The great majority of the slaves are unwilling to avail themselves of their legal right. Some who are energetic and enterprising and have learned trades seek emancipation, and a few who have quarreled with their masters or whose masters have died. The freedmen have to use all their wits and energies to obtain the requirements of life, and often they are in debt. They are shunned by their fellows, who consider it a disgraceful thing to change their estate. The slave has the use of as much of his owner's land as he desires, and the product is his own. The master frequently supplies the material for building the slave's house, and in want or in sickness the slave goes to him for food and medicine. Slaves share the feasts and pleasures of the master's household. All they give in return for the life of comparative ease and comfort and complete freedom from care and responsibility is the nominal three days of work weekly, which in practise amounts to not more than fifteen hours of honest work. The freed slave becomes an outcast as far as his past associations are concerned. His former owner and his late companions will not recognize him. He has no home, no friends or companions, and may die of sickness or starvation with none to lend a helping hand. Although the emancipated slaves are ostracized and the process of emancipation goes on very slowly, the right to obtain freedom is gradually elevating the character and improving the lot of the slaves themselves, who are less abject and cringing. The freed slaves show much greater energy and selfreliance than those still in bondage. Of the 100,000 slaves in Zanzibar and Pemba in 1897, when the emancipation law went into force, only 53,000 remained in 1901, an epidemic of smallpox having carried off 20,000, and 15,000 having disappeared or died from ordinary causes, while 12,000 have obtained emancipation. In 1899 the number of slaves who applied for and obtained freedom was 3,757 in both islands, and in 1900 there were 1,126 freed in Zanzibar and 559 in Pemba. The average amount of compensation paid was 40 rupees. Very few slaves are smuggled out. The Sultan cooperates with the English in suppressing traffic in slaves. He even had his own cousin imprisoned for slave-dealing. Many owners have, in spite of the vigilance of the cruisers, deported slaves from Pemba to Muscat. Sir Lloyd Mathews, the Prime Minister of Zanzibar, proposed to procure native labor for Zanzibar and Pemba from British East Africa and VOL. XLI.-14 A

Uganda on contracts for three years or longer, making the merchants who imported and supplied gangs responsible for their wages and support. This scheme was disallowed by the British Government.

British Somaliland comprises the coast district from Lahadu to Bander Ziyada. It became a British protectorate in 1894, having formerly belonged to Egypt. The area is about 68,000 square miles. There are British officers at Berbera, with 30,000 inhabitants; at Zeyla, with 15,000; and at Bulhar, with 12,000. The revenue in 1900 was 385,884 rupees; expenditure, 340,092 rupees. The imports were 3,315,651 rupees at Berbera and Bulhar, and 3,471,904 rupees at Zeyla; exports, 2,871,962 rupees at Berbera and Bulhar, and 3,012,712 rupees at Zeyla. Rice, cotton goods, and dates are imported, and hides and skins, ostrich-feathers, gum, cattle, and sheep are exported. The consul-general, Lieut.-Col. J. Hayes Sadler, is at the head of the British administration.

Italian Somaliland.-The sultanate of Obbia was declared an Italian protectorate in 1889 by an arrangement with its ruler, and the Mijertain Sultan also accepted Italian protection for a part of his dominions and agreed not to conclude any treaty with another power regarding the rest. In 1892 the Sultan of Zanzibar ceded to Italy the Somali coast to a distance of 180 miles inland, including the ports of Brava, Merka, Mogadoscio, and Warsheik. The boundary between British East Africa and the Italian sphere by the agreements of March 24, 1891, and May 5, 1894, is the Juba river from its mouth up to six degrees of north latitude, that parallel eastward to thirtyfive degrees of east longitude, and that meridian northward to the Blue Nile. The area of the Italian sphere is about 100,000 square miles, with a population estimated at 400,000. The Sultan of the Mijertain Somalis having assumed a hostile attitude and engaged in the contraband trade in arms, a naval expedition under the direction of the Italian consul-general at Zanzibar bombarded and captured his residence and took a large quantity of arms and ammunition in April, 1901. His son was taken prisoner. He himself fled into the interior with a small number of followers, where he was kept with short supplies until he made his submission in July, signing a convention which acknowledges the Italian protectorate and granting various concessions. An agreement was made with France for the delimitation of French and Italian territories on the Somali coast by a mixed commission which met at Raheita in February,

1901.

French Somaliland. - The French Somali Coast Protectorate, with the colony of Obok, extending from Cape Dumeira to Cape Gumarle, has an area of 45,000 square miles and about 200,000 inhabitants. Jiboutil, the capital, has 15,000 inhabitants, including 2,500 Europeans. The local revenue in 1900 was 581,000 francs; the expenditure of France, 337,500 francs. The exports are coffee, wax, and ivory. A railroad is building from Jiboutil to Harar. The Bay of Adulis was ceded to France by the King of Tigre about the same time that Obok was acquired under the second empire, but it has never been occupied. Obok was first occupied in 1881, and a protectorate was extended over Sagallo, Tajura, and Ambado in the following years. The port of Jiboutil was founded in 1888. The natives are Danakils and Gallas. By agreement with Great Britain the town and district of Harar, where formerly an Egyptian garrison was maintained, can not be annexed by either France or Great Britain, the territory having been conceded to Abyssinia

by the latter after the Egyptians were driven out. The railroad, which will be the outlet of the trade of southern Abyssinia, was completed in the beginning of 1901 for 60 miles. The total length is 186 miles.

ECUADOR, a republic in South America. The legislative power is vested in the Congress, consisting of a Senate of 32 members, 2 from each province, elected for four years, and a House of Representatives, 41 in number, elected for two years by adult male citizens who can read and write. The President is elected for four years by direct popular suffrage, and the Vice-President, who is called upon to take the place of the President in certain contingencies, is elected for the same term at the succeeding biennial election. The President elected for the term ending Aug. 31, 1901, was Gen. Eloy Alfaro; the Vice-President is Freile Zaldumbide. The Cabinet at the beginning of 1901 was composed as follows: Minister of the Interior, Police, Public Works, Agriculture, and Public Charity, A. Moncayo; Minister of Foreign Affairs and Justice, José Peralta; Minister of War and Marine, Gen. Nicolo Arellano; Minister of Finance, T. Gagliardo. Gen. Plaza was elected to the presidency, and Gen. Alfaro peacefully handed over the Government at the close of his term.

Area and Population. The area of the republic is about 120,000 square miles, including the Galapagos Islands, which have an area of 2,950 square miles. The population is estimated at 1,271,861, of whom about 100,000 are whites, 300,000 of mixed blood, and the rest Indians. Quito, the capital, has about 80,000 inhabitants; Guayaquil, the seaport, has 50,000.

Finances. The revenue for 1900 was estimated at 8,268,100 sucres, of which 6,476,100 sucres came from customs and 610,000 sucres from salt, rum, tobacco, and powder. The estimate of expenditure was 8,967,783 sucres, of which 2,129,705 sucres were for financial administration, 2,045,949 sucres for public works, 1,729,412 sucres for the army and navy, and 1,071,713 sucres for public instruction. The military force numbers 3,341 men of all ranks. The naval force consists of a torpedo-launch and a transport-vessel.

The foreign debt, amounting to £693,160, has been assumed by the Guayaquil and Quito Railroad Company. The internal debt in 1897 was 4,580,000 sucres.

Commerce and Production.—-The chief product is cacao, grown in the coast provinces. The production in 1899 was 26,413,571 kilograms. Sugar, ivory-nuts, and coffee are exported in considerable quantities. Minor products are cinchona, cotton, orchilla, and sarsaparilla. The rubber forests have been so exhausted that they are being replaced by planting. Gold is found in many places, and American companies are getting the value of 50 cents a cubic yard from gravel and 1 ounce of gold per ton from quartz. Silver, iron, copper, and lead ores are found in abundance, and large deposits of coal and petroleum. The exports from the port of Guayaquil in 1898 were 16,781,700 sucres in value, consisting of cacao for 13,202,370 sucres, rubber for 933,400 sucres, coffee for 422,350 sucres, sugar for 276,500 sucres, hides for 270,600 sucres, ivory-nuts for 230,800 sucres, cotton prints for 160,000 sucres, raw cotton for 114.000 sucres, Panama hats for 89,000 sucres, other articles for 782,680 sucres, and specie for 300,000 sucres. The quantity of cacao exported from Ecuador in 1899 was 27,703,545 kilograms, of which France took the most, Germany coming next, and then Spain, Great Britain, and the United States.

Navigation. The port of Guayaquil was visited in 1899 by 207 vessels, of 305,800 tons, nearly half the tonnage being British and the rest mostly Chilian and German.

Railroads and Telegraphs.-The railroad to connect Quito with Guayaquil was begun by the Government, which built the section from Duran, opposite the seaport, to Chimbo, 58 miles, and then stopped. The railroad company that has undertaken to complete the work will rebuild this section and construct the remaining 292 miles, the route passing through a rich agricultural country producing coffee, cacao, and sugar. Laborers brought from Jamaica to work on the railroad struck in the beginning of 1901, but were compelled to go back to work by soldiers, against which proceeding the Jamaican Government raised a protest. The telegraphs have a total length of 1,242 miles.

EGYPT, a principality in northern Africa, tributary to Turkey, and under the military occupation and political and financial control of Great Britain. The Government is theoretically an absolute monarchy of the Mohammedan type, but the throne passes by the European law of primogeniture, and the Khedive, or Viceroy, is advised by a Council of Ministers. The reigning Khedive is Abbas Hilmi, born July 14, 1874, who succeeded his father, Mehemet Tewfik, on Jan. 7, 1892. The heir apparent is Prince Mohamed, born Feb. 20, 1899. The British occupation has lasted since the suppression of the military revolt led by Arabi Pasha in 1882, and since Jan. 18, 1883, an English financial adviser has possessed the power of veto over financial measures, and has generally exercised a decisive voice in all important measures, imposing such as he and his Government consider expedient and desirable, and preventing the enactment of others that they disapprove. A conference of representatives of the powers, assembled at Constantinople to consider the situation caused by the bankruptcy of the Egyptian treasury, dissolved when England, after the signature of a self-denying protocol, intervened single-handed in Egypt. France having refused to join in the intervention, the dual control which France and Great Britain had previously exercised over Egyptian finances was abolished, leaving Great Britain alone in control of the Egyptian Government. The assurance was given at that time, and reiterated afterward by successive British ministers, that Great Britain would evacuate Egypt as soon as Egypt should be able to maintain a firm and orderly government.

The Cabinet of the Khedive consisted at the beginning of 1901 of the following members: President of the Council and Minister of the Interior, Mustapha Fehmi Pasha; Minister of War and Marine, Mohammed Abani Pasha; Minister of Public Works and of Education, Hussein Fakhry Pasha; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Butros Ghali Pasha; Minister of Finance, Ahmet Mazlum Pasha; Minister of Justice, Ibrahim Fuad Pasha. The British diplomatic agent was Viscount Cromer; financial adviser, J. L. Gorst; commander-in-chief of the army of occupation, Lieut.-Gen. R. A. J. Talbot.

Area and Population.--The area of Egypt proper is about 400,000 square miles, but only 12,976 square miles are fertile and inhabited by a settled population. The population at the census of June 1, 1897, was 9,811.544, comprising 4.985,021 males and 4,826,523 females. The census was not taken beyond Wadi Halfa, which then marked the military frontier. The population of Cairo, the capital, was 570,062; of Alexandria, 319,766; of Tunta, 57,289; of Port Said,

42,095; of Assoiut, 42,012. Of the total Egyptian population over ten years of age, 63 per cent. were employed in agriculture, but less than 1 per cent. of the foreigners, who formed 48 per cent. of the professional class, and nearly half of whom, but only a sixth of the native Egyptians were employed in industries and trades.

Finances. The revenue in 1900 amounted to £ E. 11,447,000 and expenditure to £ E. 9,895,000, the budget estimate having been £ E. 10,380,000 for revenue and the same for expenditure. The budget for 1901 made the revenue £ E. 10,700,000, of which £ E. 4,698,000 were derived from the land tax, £ E. 137,000 from other direct taxes, £ E. 900,000 from customs duties, £ E. 1,000,000 from tobacco, £ E. 500,000 from other indirect taxes, £ E. 615,000 from other taxes, £ E. 207,000 from miscellaneous sources, £ E. 2,000,000 from the railroads, £ E. 56,000 from telegraphs, £ E. 120,000 from the post-office, and £ E. 229,000 from other services, making the total ordinary revenue £ E. 10,484,000, to which was added a contribution of £ E. 215,600 from the general reserve fund. The budget estimate of expenditure for 1901 was £ E. 10,636,000, of which E. 255,361 was for the civil list, £ E. 2,322,105 for expenses of the administration, £ E. 957,200 for operating the railroads, £ E. 44,000 for the telegraphs, £ E. 114,973 for the post-office, £ E. 69,590 for other services, £ E. 439,870 for the Egyptian army, £ E. 84,825 for the British army of occupation, £ E. 437,000 for pensions, £ E. 665,041 for tribute to Turkey, £ E. 37,300 for expenses of the Caisse de la Dette, £ E. 3,489,202 for the consolidated debt, £ E. 207,082 for unfunded debt, £ E. 250,000 for suppression of the corvée, £ E. 250,000 for the Soudan deficit, and £ E. 32,-. 000 for a reserve for unforeseen expenses, making the total ordinary expenditure £ E. 9,822,728, to which are added £ E. 265,037 for conversion economies, £ E. 63,385 for the sinking-fund of the guaranteed loan, and £ E. 484,850 for the share of the surplus to be paid into the general reserve fund. The net surplus in 1900 was £ E. 559,000. The ordinary revenue exceeded that of 1899 by £ E. 247,000 notwithstanding remissions of the land tax made necessary by the low Nile of 1899. There was a deficit of £ E. 2,606,000 in the first four years of British control ending with 1886, and since then a surplus has been realized of the aggregate amount of £ E. 9,986,000, an average of £700,000 sterling per annum, in spite of large reductions of taxation, heavy expenditure on public works, and latterly the Soudan charges, which in 1900 amounted to more than £400,000.

The Egyptian debt on Jan. 1, 1900, amounted to £103,049,000 sterling, the 3-per-cent. guaranteed loan amounting to £8,410,800, the privileged 34per-cent. debt to £29,393,580, the unified 4-percent. debt to £55,971,960, the Daira Sanieh 4per-cent. loan to £6,162,800, and the 44-per-cent. domains loan to £3,109,900. The annual debt charge, including the sinking-fund, was £ E. 3,862,302. The charges on debts of all descriptions, including tribute, was £ E. 4,727,047 in the estimates for 1901. The reserve funds established in 1887 amounted on Jan. 1, 1900, to £ E. 5,206,154, of which £ E. 3,565,468 are the economies from conversion, £ E. 1,341,177 the general reserve fund, and £ E. 299,509 the special reserve fund.

The Army. The military law requires every Egyptian, excepting priests, students, and some other classes, to serve six years in the army unless he pays £ E. 20 for exemption. The army has been trained by British officers, who hold the higher commands. The commander-in-chief, who

has the title of sirdar, is Sir Reginald Wingate, colonel in the British army. The nominal peace strength of the army in 1900 was 102 officers and 175 employees in the general staff and administration, 57 officers and 1,340 men in the cavalry, 545 officers and 15,646 men in the infantry, 23 officers and 601 men in the camel-corps, 50 officers and 1,341 men in the artillery, 58 officers and 284 men in the medical corps, 7 officers and 30 men in the veterinary department, 41 officers and 68 men in the engineers, 5 officers and 18 men in the military school, and 2,300 railroad troops; total, 915 officers and 22,787 men, besides 623 civil employees; the coast service employed 144 officers and 1,839 men. The strength of the British army of occupation in 1900 was 4,466 men.

Commerce and Production.-The production of cotton in 1900 was 6,510,000 kantars, about 645,000,000 pounds. There were 1,262,000 acres under wheat, 1,592,000 acres under corn, 906,000 acres under cotton, and 67,120 acres under sugarcane. The sugar exports in 1899 were 64,390,550 kilograms, valued at £ E. 664,427. The exports of cotton were 6,001,222 kantars, valued at £ E. 11,598,222. The total value of merchandise imports in 1900 was £ E. 14,112,369, and of exports £ E. 16,766,609. The imports of specie were £ E. 4,114,612, and exports £ E. 2,602,790. Imports of animals and animal food products were valued at £ E. 652,357, and exports at £ E. 129,733; imports of hides, skins, leather, and leather manufactures at £ E. 206,860, and exports at £ E. 84,855; imports of other animal products at £ E. 84,373, and exports at £ E. 41,611; imports of cereals, vegetables, etc., at £ E. 1,532,341, and exports at £ E. 2,615,433; imports of provisions and drugs at £ E. 404,735, and exports at £ E. 676,226; imports of spirits, oils, etc., at £ E. 815,888, and exports at £ E. 16,318; imports of rags, paper, and books at £ E. 177,103, and exports at £ E. 15,690; imports of wood, coal, canework, etc., at £ E. 2,093,061, and exports at £ E. 16,350; imports of stone, lime, glass, etc., at £ E. 399,008, and exports at £ E. 1,528; imports of dyes, etc., at £ E. 282,875, and exports at £ E. 21,112; imports of chemical products at £ E. 276,509, and exports at £ E. 15,547; imports of textile materials and manufactures at £E. 4,011,498, and exports at £ E. 13,104,860; imports of metals and metal manufactures at £ E. 1,817,971, and exports at £ E. 5,691; imports of miscellaneous merchandise at £ E. 439,609, and exports at £ E. 12,689; imports of tobacco at £ E. 577,203.

Navigation.-The number of vessels entered at the port of Alexandria during 1899 was 2,805, of 2,414,674 tons; cleared, 2,758, of 2,389,058 tons.

Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs.-The Government railroads had a length of 1,393 miles on Jan. 1, 1900, besides which there were 670 miles of narrow-gage railroads belonging to companies. The number of passengers carried on the state railroads in 1899 was 11,284,284; tons of freight, 3,055,897; gross earnings, £ E. 2,112,065; working expenses, £ E. 950,429; net receipts, £ E. 1,161,636.

The post-office in 1899 forwarded 12,920,000 internal and 2,659,000 foreign letters and postal cards, 7,650,000 internal and 1,181,000 foreign newspapers, 188,000 internal and 63,700 foreign parcels, and 598,500 post-office orders and remittances, amounting to £ E. 17,437,000.

The telegraphs of the Government system on Jan. 1, 1901, had a length of 2,106 miles, with 9.440 miles of wire. The number of despatches in 1900 was 3,288.662, against 2.958,258 in 1899.

Suez Canal. The number of vessels that passed through the Suez Canal in 1899 was 3,603,

of 9,895,630 tons, of which 2,310, of 6,586,311 tons, were British; 387, of 1,070,767 tons, German; 226, of 598,819 tons, French; 206, of 418,867 tons, Dutch; 101, of 266,360 tons, Austrian; 65, of 224,636 tons, Japanese; 55, of 171,589 tons, Russian; 69, of 132,765 tons, Italian; 59, of 123,757 tons, Norwegian; 38, of 114,149 tons, Spanish; 26, of 67,690 tons, American; 21, of 58,062 tons, Danish; 26, of 36,670 tons, Turkish; 5, of 12,411 tons, Belgian; 4, of 8,438 tons, Greek; 2, of 1,921 tons, Egyptian; 3, of 1,288 tons, Portuguese; 2, of 592 tons, Swedish; and 1, of 538 tons, Siamese. The receipts in 1899 were 94,317,505 francs, of which 88,698,555 francs came from tolls. The expenses were 24,863,166 francs, leaving a gross profit of 69,454,339 francs. The number of passengers who passed through the canal was 221,347. The share and loan capital on Jan. 1, 1900, amounted to 464,100,827 francs, increased by 151,174,307 francs of revenue applied to improvement of the canal and 17,764,598 francs of redemption and insurance funds, making the total capital 633,039,732 francs. The net profit for 1899 was 54,153,660 francs. The amount distributed in dividends was 51,538,028 francs.

In 1900 the number of vessels that passed through the canal was 3,441, of 9,738,152 tons, comprising 2,407 merchant vessels, 773 mailsteamers, and 261 war-vessels. The number of passengers was 282,194. The traffic receipts were 90,623,608 francs. The civilian passengers numbered 102,000; pilgrims, convicts, and emigrants, 25,000; military, 155,000. Owing to events in China, Russia sent out 37,000, France 34,000, and Germany 24,000 troops, while British outwardbound troops fell from 19,000 in 1898 and 15,000 in 1899 to 5,600. The United States troops homeward bound from the Philippines numbered 22,000, and outward bound 13,000. The British mercantile tonnage declined from 77.2 per cent. in 1899 to 71 per cent., and that of Germany increased from 9.3 to 11.1 per cent. of the total. Of the total number of vessels 1,935 were British, 462 German, 285 French, 232 Dutch, 126 Austrian, 100 Russian, 82 Italian, 63 Japanese, 34 Spanish, 30 Norwegian, 28 Turkish, 27 Danish, 22 American, 7 Belgian, 3 Portuguese, 2 Swedish, 2 Greek, and 1 Argentine. The mean net tonnage per vessel has increased from 1,951 tons in 1889 to 2,743 tons in 1899 and 2,830 tons in 1900. A loan of 100,000,000 francs authorized in 1885 for improvements was finally exhausted in 1901, and a new loan of 25,000,000 francs was sanctioned. The adoption of the electric light for night traffic and the increase of business culminating in 1899 enabled the company to carry out a great part of the work of improvement with surplus earnings. Further improvements to be made are a new series of stations for large vessels and the deepening of the canal to 9 meters.

Economical Development.-The British administration, which has rehabilitated the finances of Egypt, has wrought improvement in the public life of the country as well as in its economical situation, which has been immensely bettered by the irrigation works begun by French and carried to completion twenty years later by English engineers. The cultivated ground subject to taxation has increased from 4,175,000 feddans in 1880 to about 6,000,000 feddans in 1900, and the improvement in the water-supply has increased production 50 per cent. Numerous railroads have been constructed, including electric lines by which cotton is transported and travel facilitated in the country districts. The land tax, the principal source of revenue of the Egyptian Government, has been gradually diminished in annual instal

ments by the sum of £ E. 563,000, yet owing to the extension of the cultivated area the proceeds remain about the same as in 1880. Post and telegraph offices have multiplied, and even the telephone has been introduced.

One of the social improvements that the British have endeavored to introduce is to free the fellaheen from their indebtedness to the money-lenders, who constitute a large unproductive class. Although their average gains are not great, the aggregate burden bears enormously on the producers, who pay 40 and 50 per cent. interest. The banks were induced to lend small sums for fixed terms at 10 per cent. through local agents, who receive a commission of 1 per cent., which gives them a sufficient motive to present the advantages of the new system to the fellaheen and persuade them to borrow at the lower rate in order to pay off their loans_obtained at exorbitant rates from the usurers. English inspectors supervise the agents, and see that contracts are honestly drawn up. The Government collects the instalments along with the ordinary taxes and pays them over to the banks, which have no expense in placing or collecting the loans, for which they receive 6 per cent. net interest, aside from the risk of bad debts, which is very slight, £ E. 28,122 having been collected in 1900 from 5,035 borrowers without any default. Lord Cromer regards the fellaheen as naturally more thrifty than the English peasantry. The desire of the Egyptians to learn European languages is not encouraged by the Government, which is anxious to improve the instruction in the vernacular schools. Of those who do study European languages 85 per cent. choose English, which is now a passport, rather than French, to Government employ. There are far too many small official posts, depending on abuses which the British intend to reform, and for these there is a great excess of applicants. Of native artisans there is a great lack, most of the mechanical work being done by imported foreigners. There are over 2,000 girls in the Government schools, showing that the Egyptian prejudice against the education of women, 99.7 per cent. of whom were unable to read and write in 1897, is being gradually

overcome.

The completion of the Nile barrage at a cost of less than £500,000 has doubled the cotton crop of Lower Egypt, adding £ E. 5,000,000 a year to the national production. The projects for the benefit of Egyptian agriculture were estimated in 1885 at a total cost of £ E. 7,000,000. In 1902 the last and greatest of these will be completedthe great dams at Assouan and Assoiut—which will enable wide tracts of land to bear two crops a year instead of one, bring waste districts into tillage, and greatly increase the area of sugar cultivation. The Assouan reservoir will supply 1,000,000,000 cubic meters of water annually. The dam at Assouan is 1 mile long, pierced by 180 openings, 23 feet high and 7 feet wide, which have steel sluice gates. The regulating dam at Assoiut is a barrage of masonry on steel piling, with 119 sluices 16 feet wide. Sir William Garstin, who has studied a plan to provide 3,000,000,000 or 4,000,000,000 cubic meters more to Egypt's summer supply of water, rejects the project of Mr. Willcocks, the designer of the Assouan reservoir, of a dam at the outlet of the Victoria Nyanza, because such a dam would flood populous and fertile regions on the borders of the lake, half the territory affected being German. He considers it impracticable to impound the waters of the Albert Nyanza for the purpose, because the earthquakes that occur there would be dangerous to the