year. Mr. Bond, the Colonial Secretary, says that 'the rigid enforcement of the regulations governing this industry, especially those against the taking of undersized fish, seems to be the only hope of saving this valuable fishery from total depletion.' The herring fishery also showed a decrease from $245,869 in 1899 to $200,989 in 1900, due partly to the mildness of the weather and consequent difficulty of freezing the fish. The salmon catch had improved-largely owing to the fishing on the Labrador coast-from $61,578 in 1898 to $73,478 in the succeeding year and $103, 698 in 1900.

Education. The expenditure upon schools in the fiscal year 1900 was $158,151, the number of schools open was 699, and the pupils on the rolls numbered 36,591-a slight increase in each case over the preceding year. The educational system is on a basis of religious interest, each denomination receiving a Government grant in proportion to its numbers. Separate boards of education have charge of the elementary schools in the different districts, and 4 superintendents of education-Roman Catholic, Church of England, Methodist, and Presbyterian-are appointed by the Government. There is a council of higher education of 23 members, with the superintendents and head masters of colleges as members ex officio. In 1900 the Church of England board schools, private-aided schools, and colleges numbered 254, with 13,148 pupils and Government contributions of $39,677; the Roman Catholic institutions numbered 228, with 12,612 pupils and Government contributions of $49,843; the Methodist institutions numbered 212, with 10,562 pupils and Government contributions of $35,847; the Presbyterians had simply 1 college, and the Congregationalists 4 schools. The school fees and voluntary contributions amounted only to $31,000 all told. Of this total, the Methodists contributed more than $14,000.

The French-Shore Question.-This problem involves the peace and prosperity of Newfoundland to some extent, the question of its union with Canada, the welfare of its fishermen, and a prominent feature in the diplomatic relations of France and England. By the treaty of Utrecht in 1713 certain fishing privileges were given to the French upon a portion of the Newfoundland coast; by the treaty of Paris in 1763 France received St. Pierre and Miquelon islands, and thereafter built up a rival fishing, interest, through the bounty system, to that of England; the King's declaration in 1783 guaranteed the non-interference of British fishermen upon the French shore. Since that time continuous irritation and trouble have been caused by French aggression on this debatable land, and the very natural retaliation by British fishermen. In 1891 came the modus vivendi by which the Newfoundland Legislature gave the commanders of British ships practically autocratic power for the protection of French rights on the coast. This was renewed yearly, pending a settlement of the whole affair with France. In 1900 the modus vivendi act was renewed without protest, because of the South African War, and toward the close of the year Mr. Chamberlain asked for its renewal once more. Six years ago 1,200 Frenchmen were employed in this industry, and to-day there are only 500, while in connection with the lobster fisheries, which are also protected under the act and therefore provisionally recognized as French, the Newfoundland fishermen are forbidden to set up their lobster canneries. Yet "the right to catch lobsters and to establish canneries on the Newfoundland coasts can not be maintained under the

stipulations of the treaties of Utrecht and Versailles," which dealt only with food-fish. On Jan. 11, the Paris Temps, referring to the suggestion that British Gambia, on the western coast of Africa, should be exchanged for French rights in Newfoundland, quoted the words of M. Delcassé two years before, declaring that those rights were "incontestable and uncontested." It then pointed out that the exchange was not desired by French-African merchants, and that the cod might again return to the inshore fisheries and restore their value. Yet it was admitted that conditions had greatly changed since the rights on Newfoundland were first given.

Only imagine what our own sentiments would be if the fishing rights on the coast of Normandy belonged to the English and not to our fellow countrymen. Consequently, on our part, we think it is right for France not to show herself intractable if she be requested to lend herself to an arrangement to correct what the progress of time has rendered abnormal. Yet there must be no question of inverting the rôles. On our side we have no sort of need to modify the existing situation. We must, then, not be expected to be disposed to bear the cost of the modification."

When the special session of the island Legislature met in February in order to pass the modus vivendi act for another year, the discussion was limited. The measure then passed its various stages without opposition, though not without a wide-spread feeling that the renewal could not be continued much longer.

Reciprocity with the United States.-The old question of the Bond-Blaine treaty was reviewed this year. P. P. McGrath, editor of the St. Johns Herald, writing on Oct. 26, said: "That instrument was framed with a view to admitting the Americans to free baiting and cognate privileges in our waters, in return for free entry of our fish and crude minerals to their markets, and was based upon a clear principle and understanding of the relative merits of the two parties to it. Canada was not included, because the Americans felt that to include her was to destroy themselves." Practically, it was said, the proposed treaty-which the Dominion persuaded the Imperial Government to veto--would create a preference for American fishermen in Newfoundland or British waters over Canadian fishermen. This is better understood from the fact that the maritime province fisheries employ about 2,300 vessels and 46,000 persons, and yield $12,000,000 worth of products, while the New England competition fisheries, which would have benefited under the proposed conditions and from whose American market the Canadian fish were excluded, employ about 1,400 vessels and 35,000 persons, with a yield valued at $9,600,000. Mr. McGrath, however, denied that there would be any preference against Canada. Our fish would be admitted to United States markets on better terms than Canada's, but no more stringent regulations would be enforced against Canada than now."

Statistics.-The Newfoundland savings-banks in the year ending Dec. 31, 1900, had 3,747 depositors, a total deposit of $1,304,216, and invested funds amounting to $1,256,070.

The letters and post cards dealt with in the fiscal year 1899-1900 numbered 1,700,000, the newspapers, etc., 2,760,000, and the parcels 20,171. The revenue of the post-office was $57,209; the expenditure, $238,499; the cost of the mail service beyond the colony, $42.085.

The total mineral output-chiefly copper orewas $939,322, against $603,547 in the previous year.

The lumbering industry showed a value of $199,101, compared with $75,853 in 1899.

NEW HAMPSHIRE. (See under UNITED STATES.)

NEW JERSEY. (See under UNITED STATES.) NEW MEXICO. (See under UNITED STATES.) NEW YORK.

(See under UNITED STATES.) NEW YORK CITY. Government.-The city officers during the year were: Mayor, Robert A. Van Wyck; President of the Council, Randolph Guggenheimer; Borough Presidents-Manhattan, James J. Coogan; Brooklyn, Edward M. Grout; Bronx, Louis F. Haffen; Queens, Frederick Bowley; and Richmond, George Cromwell-all of whom are Tammany Democrats except Mr. Cromwell, who is a Republican, and took office on Jan. 1, 1898, except Mr. Coogan, who took office on Jan. 5, 1899. Also there are the following county officers: County Clerk, William Sohmer; Sheriff, William F. Grell; and Register, Isaac Fromme-all of whom are Tammany Democrats and took office on Jan. 1, 1898, except the Sheriff, who took office on Jan. 1, 1900.

Taxes and Assessments.-These are in charge of a department, of which Thomas L. Feitner is president. The other members are Edward C. Sheehy, Arthur C. Salmon, Thomas J. Patterson, and Ferdinand Levy (salaries, $7,000 each). Office, 280 Broadway. They report the total valuation of real and personal property as assessed in 1901 to be $3,787,970,873, as against $3,654,108,798 for 1900, an increase of $133,862,075. They were distributed as follow: Manhattan, $2,713,468,664, as against $2,653,364,287 in 1900, an increase of $60,104,377; Bronx, $155,996,910, as against $146,508,490 in 1900, an increase of $9,488,420; Brooklyn, $748,203,743, as against $695,321,340 in 1900, an increase of $52,882,403; Queens, $118,006,430, as against $109,928,553 in 1900, an increase of $8,077,877; Richmond, $52,295,126, as against $48,988,128 in 1900, an increase of $3,306,998. The following are the assessments levied on large corporations: Consolidated Gas Company, $18,903,378; Metropolitan Street Railway Company, $17,577,975; Third Avenue Railroad Company, $10,525,605; Edison Illuminating Company, $6,202,250; New York Telephone Company, $5,084,151; Brooklyn Union Gas Company, $5,000,000; Second Avenue Railroad Company, $4,053,480; Brooklyn City Railroad Company, $3,000,000; Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, $2,711,000; New York Mutual Gaslight Company, $1,685,000; Commercial Cable Company, $1,000,000; Tiffany Manufacturing Company, $990,400; Long Island Railroad Company, $500,000; and New Amsterdam Gas Company, $100,000.

Public Improvements.-The Board of Public Improvements consists of the president of the board, Maurice F. Holahan (salary, $8,000), and the Commissioners of Water-Supply, of Highways, of Street Cleaning, of Public Buildings, Lighting and Supplies, and Bridges, each of whom receives a salary of $7,500. This board was legislated out of existence with the end of the year. In 1901 it inaugurated work on the largest plan of street openings and street extensions, in the district lying northerly of West 155th Street, and bounded by the Hudson river, Spuyten Duyvil creek, and the Harlem river, ever proposed at one time during any administration. The map of the entire region will be altered. It was proposed that 62 new streets or extensions of existing streets shall be laid out. It was also proposed to provide 5 new public parks and widen 3 important streets. It was estimated that the cost of all these improvements will amount to more

than $20,000,000. The following are some of the other proposed improvements: New avenue, from extreme northerly point of Boulevard Lafayette by viaduct across Dyckman Street, along portions of Bolton Road, east of Episcopal House of Mercy, by bridge across Harlem River Ship Canal to intersection of Kappock Street and Spuyten Duyvil Parkway. New street west of Episcopal House of Mercy, connecting with Bolton Road. New bridge across Harlem River Ship Canal, from Fort George, at Sedgwick Avenue, between Burnside Avenue and East 177th Street, with approaches to Tenth Avenue, Fort George Avenue, Harlem River Speedway, and intersection of Dyckman Street, Eleventh Avenue, and Nagle Avenue. Plaza, 150 feet radius at intersection of West 181st Street and Broadway. Plaza, 150 feet radius at intersection of Dyckman Street, Broadway, Boulevard Lafayette, and Seaman Avenue. It is also proposed to establish a new park, bounded on the east by the present line of High Bridge Park, on the north by Dyckman Street, on the west by Eleventh Avenue, and on the south by the proposed West 192d Street. A new park is proposed with a 40foot canal running through it, extending from the Harlem River Ship Canal to King's Bridge Avenue. There is also a new park to be laid out on Jumel Terrace, and a new Fort Charles Park, and also a westerly extension of Fort Washington Park from the present shore-line to the easterly line of new avenue along bulkhead lines.

Health. The collection of vital statistics is under the care of a board, consisting of three commissioners, one of whom must have been for five years a practising physician, the health officer of the port, and the president of the Police Board. The officials for 1901 were: Michael C. Murphy, president (salary, $7,500), until Feb. 21, 1901, when he was succeeded by John B. Sexton (salary, $7,500), Dr. William T. Jenkins, Dr. John B. Cosby, Health-Officer Dr. Alvah H. Doty, and President Bernard J. York of the Police Board, until Feb. 21, 1901, when he was succeeded by Police-Commissioner Michael C. Murphy. The secretary of the board is Emmons Clark, and the office is on the corner of Sixth Avenue and 55th Street. The vital statistics were as follow: The number of deaths in 1901 was 70,717, against 70,872 in 1900. There were 24,269 deaths of children under five years, 15,475 under one year, 9,951 sixty-five years and over, 17,427 deaths in institutions, and 39,118 deaths in tenements. There were 80,735 births and 33,485 marriages reported. The number of deaths from pneumonia was 9,117, against 10,482 for 1900— more than from any other disease. There were 716 suicides, against 761 for 1900, and 111 homicides, against 140 for 1900. The death-rates for the 5 boroughs are as follow: Manhattan, 20.55; Bronx, 21.60; Brooklyn, 19.25; Queens, 17.20; and Richmond, 19.42. The rate for the 5 boroughs together is 20. The statistics give the estimated population of the city for 1900 as 3,444,675, and for 1901, 3,536,517.

Police. This department at the beginning of the year was managed by a board of 4 commissioners, appointed by the Mayor for a term of six years, who were as follow: Bernard J. York, president; John B. Sexton, Jacob Hess, and Henry E. Abell, with William S. Devery as chief of police. The inaction of this board and the persistent disregard of criticism continued until (according to Lewis F. Nixon) “under the rule of Chief Devery the condition of affairs in the Police Department became the worst in the history of the city of New York. The police officials

protected lawbreakers and gave their support to many forms of crime." Accordingly a bill was introduced into the Legislature, abolishing the bipartisan beard of four police commissioners and the office of chief of police, and substituting for them a single commissioner, which was signed by the Governor on Feb. 22. The Mayor immediately appointed Michael C. Murphy to be commissioner of police, and Commissioner Murphy at once appointed Chief Devery to be first deputy police commissioner, after which, on March 4, Bernard J. York was appointed second deputy. The committee of five appointed by the Tammany Hall Executive Committee to examine into vice on the East Side continued their work until Feb. 25, when they reported to the Executive Committee and asked to be discharged. The report, which was not published, gave, according to an account by Chairman Nixon, a list of 340 gambling places that were open, and of which more than 270 had been closed and the gamblers driven from the city. It also announced that all disorderly places near public schools and churches had been closed, and measures taken to prevent their being reopened. The charge against Capt. John D. Herlihy, of the Twelfth Precinct, which grew out of a letter sent to Mayor Van Wyck by Bishop Potter, was formally presented before the Police Board, and after examination by the commissioners he was exonerated, the decision being that the charge had not been proved. A most important revelation concerning the corruptness of the Police Department was a report published in August by the Society for the Prevention of Crime, in which it was shown that the police officials protected gambling and other vices, receiving payment for such protection. It was found that methods were in existence by means of which pool-rooms and other gambling establishments could be notified of an intended raid within five minutes after a police captain had received information of a proposed descent on the place in question. These methods were tested under the direction of the counsel of the Society for the Prevention of Crime, and were found to work in every instance. This led to a complaint, lodged with the District Attorney, charging Chief Devery with neglect of duty, but up to the close of the year that office had not succeeded in bringing the matter before the courts. Similar charges were submitted by the Merchants' Association to the police commissioner, and also to the Mayor, but without results. Charges were brought against Wardman Bissert for receiving bribes from houses of prostitution, and he was convicted through the efforts of the District Attorney's office and sentenced to five years' imprisonment. Capt. Thomas J. Diamond, who was the immediate superior of Bissert, was subsequently tried for neglect of duty and convicted, in consequence of which he was, on Dec. 11, discharged from the force. Wardman Glennon, of the Tenderloin district, who was regarded as the right-hand man of Devery in collecting bribes, was tried and found guilty on Dec. 21.

Fire. This department is managed by a single commissioner. The incumbent during the year was John J. Scannell. The chief of the department was Edward F. Croker. The headquarters are at 157 East 67th Street. For the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens there is a deputy commissioner. During 1901 the fire-fighting force in the boroughs of Manhattan, the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens consisted of 2,586 officers and men, apportioned among 137 engine companies, 44 hook-and-ladder companies, 5 fire-boats, and 5 water-towers. A volunteer force, consisting of

2,000 men in the borough of Queens and about an equal number in the borough of Richmond, increased the total force to 6,500 men. During the year there were 8,427 fires. In the Bureau of Combustibles there was collected in all the boroughs for licenses, permits, and penalties $87,195 during the year. In the bureau of the fire-marshal 49 arrests in connection with suspicious fires, resulted in 3 convictions with several cases still pending. On June 28, Commissioner John J. Scannell, and William L. Marks, a manufacturer's agent, were indicted by the grand jury as a result of the ten days' investigation into the manner of purchasing supplies by the Fire Department.

Education.-The board having control of this subject consists of 20 commissioners, who are appointed by the Mayor and receive no salary. The president of the board was Miles M. O'Brien. The borough superintendent is John Jasper, and the headquarters are at the corner of Park Avenue and 59th Street. The report of the borough superintendent, made on Oct. 2, showed that the attendance of pupils on June 28 was 223,858; attendance of pupils on Sept. 27, 246,980; average attendance for three weeks ending Sept. 27, 239,226; number of classes on Sept. 27-whole day 5,473, part time 374; register of pupils at close of school on Sept. 27, 265,947; number of regular teachers, including principals, present on Sept. 27, 5,951; number of children on waiting list at close of school on Sept. 27, 3,720; number of children in part-time classes on Sept. 27, 19,309; number of vacant sittings at close of school on Sept. 27, 23,044. The increase in school attendance that usually occurs at the beginning of the autumn was in part provided for by a new school, No. 171, between Fifth and Madison Avenues, reaching from 103d to 104th Streets, and in school No. 44, on the southeast corner of Hubert and Collister Streets. Also the following new schools were to be finished by contract on the following dates: School No. 133, corner Fox and 167th Streets, Sept. 14; school No. 173, on 163d Street, between Grant and Morris Avenues, Sept. 15; school No. GI, on the corner of 169th Street and Third Avenue, Oct. 1. It was announced that an experimental school will be built on Lawrence Street, near the junction of 128th Street and Amsterdam Avenue, under the auspices of the Teachers' College, with a fund of $100,000, presented to that institution by a resident of New York city.

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Carnegie Libraries.-On March 12, Andrew Carnegie, after conference with Dr. John S. Billings, Director of the New York Public Library, arrived at the conclusion that branch libraries, to reach the masses of the people, were desirable, and in consequence determined to provide for 65 branches, the average cost to be $80,000, which he offered to present. If New York will furnish sites for these branches for the special benefit of the masses of the people, as it has done for the central library, and also agree in satisfactory form to provide for their maintenance as built, I should esteem it a rare privilege to be permitted to furnish the money as needed for the buildings, say $5,200,000." This information was promptly conveyed to Mayor Van Wyck in a letter by the secretary of the Board of Trustees of the New York Public Library. An act providing for the acceptance by the city of New York of this gift from Mr. Carnegie was introduced in the State Legislature on March 25, and was subsequently passed and signed by the Governor. At a meeting of the Board of Estimate, on July 17, Mr. Carnegie's gift was formally accepted. The agreement, after showing the offer

of Mr. Carnegie to provide the funds necessary for the building and equipment of 65 branch libraries of the New York Public Library, recites that the city must provide ground on which the buildings are to be erected. The enabling act of the Legislature by which the city of New York was authorized to accept Mr. Carnegie's offer is printed in the contract in full. The agreement says that the existing free public libraries are not to be incorporated in this arrangement. The contract then says that the city shall proceed to acquire by gift, condemnation, or purchase such sites as may be necessary, not to exceed 42 in Manhattan, Bronx, and Richmond. The city is authorized, by the unanimous vote of the Board of Estimate and the Sinking-Fund Commission, to use any real estate now owned by the city and not used for other purposes for a library site under the contract. In October the secretary of the New York Public Library said that a site on East 79th Street, near Second Avenue, had been secured and approved by the Board of Estimate. Other sites were under consideration, and the services of a board of architects had been secured to supervise the designing and construction of the different branches. Subsequent to the gift by Mr. Carnegie a number of sites were of fered for the library by generous-minded citizens. Underground Rapid Transit.-Work on the subway for the new underground rapid-transit railroad, which was begun in September, 1900, progressed during the year with astonishing rapidity. The first annual report of the RapidTransit Commission showed that more than 200 blocks had been opened in various sections of the city, reaching from City Hall to the Bronx. They had expended then $8,500,000, and one-fourth of the tunneling work had been done. The average monthly expenditure had been more than $750,000, and the average number of men engaged in the work was 7,500. Twenty-five blocks were practically completed, according to the report, and 17 blocks of rock tunnel were finished, while 1,000,000 cart-loads of earth and rock had been removed and 2,000,000 days' work done. Since the annual report was issued the work has progressed with still greater rapidity. Extra steam and electric machinery necessary to supply power was secured, so that when 1902 came in the preliminary work had all been done. At that time 35 per cent. of the entire work was completed-58 per cent. of the excavation and 36 per cent. of the rock removed, at a total cost of $12,500,000. Work was then proceeding at a cost of $1,000,000 a month.

Deputy Chief-Engineer George S. Rice then calculated that trains would be running over the underground route by the latter part of August or the early part of September, 1903, while Contractor John B. McDonald's agreement does not call for its completion before August, 1904. By far the greatest part of the work has been done on the 5 most difficult sections-the down-town loop or terminus, in City Hall Park, the 59th Street section, three of the tunneling sections, and that at the circle at Eighth Avenue, at the west-side entrance to Central Park. At this last point the work was completed, and beyond doubt it was the most difficult of all. Here the tunnel passes under three lines of surface-car tracks, and thence northward along the new Broadway under double sets of electric-car tracks. At this point the first completed rapid-transit station, with every modern improvement, has been roofed over, ready for use. It is glazed with white, and has the appearance of a well-finished building rather than that of a railway tunnel.

The work between City Hall and Great Jones Street, now practically completed, gave much trouble to the laborers, owing to the fact that the old canal from which Canal Street got its name still rises and falls, at the depth to which they had to go, with low and high tide on the river fronts; and the shifting of the sands caused by this disturbance required extra precautions in shoring up many buildings between City Hall and Canal Street. At City Hall, the main road's terminal loop, the extensive vehicular traffic, in conjunction with the numerous surface railway-lines along Park Row, made the work particularly heavy and tedious; but these obstacles have been overcome, and the work has been roofed over.

Under the old Park Avenue tunnel, on Fourth Avenue, almost solid rock was encountered from 32d Street to the Grand Central station at 42d Street; but the excavation of the rock in Murray Hill and under the Park Avenue tunnel was accomplished, and a half mile of the tunnel was practically completed there.

Four blocks of tunnel were carved out of the foot-hills at Washington Heights, where two stations will be more than 100 feet below the surface of Eleventh Avenue. All the rock taken out here from this great depth was removed by hoisting through shafts. Near the north end of Central Park, where the road will branch off to carry East Side passengers under Central Park to the borough of the Bronx, a good deal of work was done in blasting and tunneling the rocky cliffs. Along the east side of Union Square and northward in Fourth Avenue, all the deep rock was removed, and the work was well advanced. Considerable progress has been made on the Bronx branch, and the construction of two iron tubular tunnels under Harlem river, which will connect it with the Manhattan section, was also going on well. Running north from Melrose Avenue, in the Bronx, where the underground tracks will emerge from the tunnel and connect with the elevated road, which will continue to the northern terminus, work was fairly well advanced. There was considerable tunneling around the point where the tracks will emerge. In Lenox Avenue, between Central Park and Harlem, a great section of the tunnel was roofed and ready for the laying of the track.

A block of ground extending from 58th to 59th Street, along the North river, was acquired, to be used for the erection of the main power-house for the road. In December the Rapid-Transit Subway Construction Company purchased a plot of ground, consisting of about 150 city lots, on either side of Harlem river. This will be used for various stations on the Lenox Avenue branch of the road, leading from the main line to the borough of the Bronx, and for the erection of an addi-. tional power-house.

This year considerable changes were made in the proposed route for the road. That finally decided upon shows that, starting from the City Hall, there will be 4 tracks running north on Elm Street and Fourth Avenue to the Grand Central station on 42d Street, thence westerly to Broadway, then northerly to 104th Street; then 3 tracks continue up Broadway to 169th Street, thence up Eleventh Avenue to Fort George, where they will connect with an elevated road extending as far north as Bailey Avenue. At 104th Street and Broadway a two-track road will branch off easterly under Central Park, and at 110th Street will turn up Lenox Avenue, passing under Harlem river and running northward on the Southern Boulevard and Boston Road to Bronx Park.