POPULATION BY SEX, GENERAL NATIVITY, AND COLOR, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900-Continued.

52

*Includes all persons of negro descent.

10,250,063 9,312,585 8,840,789 119,050 85,986 137,242, 129,518

Includes 2,499 persons of mixed parentage, that is, of native Indian and Russian parentage.

Inclusive of persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees, etc.) stationed abroad, not credited to any state or territory.

and manufactured ammunition for the American army. William McKinley, Sr., father of the President, born in Mercer co., Pa., in 1807, married in 1829 Nancy Campbell Allison, of Columbiana co., Ohio, whose father, Abner Allison, was of English extraction, and her mother, Ann Campbell, of Scotch-German. Of their nine children, William was the seventh. Both the grandfather and the father of the President were iron manufacturers. His father was a devout Methodist, a stanch Whig and Republican, and an ardent advocate of a protective tariff. He died in NovemMack'ey, ALBERT GALLATIN, M. D.: writer on Freema-ber, 1892. The mother of the President died Dec. 12, 1897.

Mackerel-gull: a popular name for the terns (see TERN), given them on account of their habit of hovering over schools of mackerel in search of fish driven to the surface, or to pick up scraps of food left by the fishes.

that entered the service as a private and served those creek, and up over the ridge, was magnificently executed, months in that capacity." He participated in all the early and the hand-to-hand combat in the fort was as desperate engagements in West Virginia. The first of these was at as any during the war. Still another charge was made, and Carnifex Ferry, Sept. 10, 1861, and its effects were of much the enemy again driven back. On we hurried to Dublin . consequence to the regiment. "It gave the boys confi- depot, on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, burning the dence in themselves," he once said," and faith in their com- bridges there, tearing up the track, and rendering the railmander. We learned that we could fight and whip the road useless. There the New River bridge was destroyed, enemy on their own ground." In the winter's camp at and then, with frequent encounters, we went to Staunton, Fayetteville he received his first promotion, commissary Va." They again advanced until within two miles of Lynchsergeant, Apr. 15, 1862. “Young as McKinley was," said burg, where the regiment camped so near the enemy that ex-President Hayes in 1891, "we soon found that in business men of both sides took rails for their fires from the same and executive ability he was of rare capacity, of unusual and fence. Four days later they were attacked by a superior surpassing capacity, for a boy of his age. When battles were force, which they at first repelled, but were compelled to fought or a service to be performed in warlike things, he retire. All our commissary supplies were consumed," says always took his place. When I became commander of the McKinley; "but almost without food we marched and regiment, he soon came to be on my staff, and he remained fought our way back, closely pursued by the enemy." It on my staff for one or two years, so that I did literally and began on June 19, near Lynchburg, and continued until in fact know him like a book and love him like a brother." June 27, when a supply train was reached on Big Sewell He participated in the engagements at Clark's Hollow, Mountain, and there, to quote Col. Hayes's diary, "we May 1, and Princeton, May 15, 1862. In the summer the regi- stopped and ate, marched and ate, camped about dark, and ment went to Washington, and a few days after its arrival ate all night." In these nine days the Twenty-third marched joined McClellan's forces and drove the enemy out of Fred- 180 miles, fighting nearly all the time. They had crossed erick, Md. On Sept. 14 and 17 it participated in the battles three ranges of the Alleghanies four times, the ranges of the of South Mountain and Antietam. The Twenty-third made Blue Ridge twice, and marched several times all day and three successful charges in the first of these battles, and lost all night without sleep. In this memorable expedition the heavily in both. "During the day [at South Mountain] the Twenty-third participated in engagements at Cloyd's MounTwenty-third," says Whitelaw Reid in Ohio in the War, tain, New River Bridge, Buffalo Gap, Lexington, Buchanan, "lost nearly 200 men, of whom almost one-fourth were Otter Creek, Lynchburg, and Buford's Gap, and finally got killed on the field or afterward died of their wounds. Only back to camp and fought under Gen. Crook in the battle of seven men were unaccounted for at the roll-call after the Kernstown, near Winchester, July 24, 1864. Lieut. Mcaction. The colors of the regiment were riddled, and the Kinley had conducted himself with gallantry in every emerblue field almost completely carried away by shells and bul-gency, and at Winchester won additional honors. Crook's lets." At Antietam the regiment held its position in the army was attacked by the whole of Early's, the National hottest of the fight. It was engaged from dawn until nearly forces being 6,000 strong, and the Confederate 20,000. Hayes night without food or refreshment of any sort, save that had charge of the first brigade on the extreme right, and brought by the youngest of the comrades. Sergeant Mc- was soon attacked with such fury that he was obliged to fall Kinley was in charge of the commissary department of his back. The movement was successfully executed, except brigade, and necessarily his post of duty was with the sup- that the Thirteenth West Virginia Regiment failed to retire plies, about two miles from the firing line where his fam- and was in imminent danger of capture. McKinley was ished comrades were fighting to hold their advanced posi- directed to go and bring it away, and, putting spurs to his tion. As is the case in all hot fights, some stragglers found horse, he galloped obliquely toward the advancing enemy. their way back to the supplies, and these McKinley utilized Russell Hastings, then major of the Twenty-third, said: to get together provisions and coffee and carry them to the "None of us expected to see him again as we watched him front. It was nearly dark when suddenly there was tre- push his horse through the open fields, over fences and mendous cheering along the front of the Twenty-third Ohio. across ditches, while the fire from the enemy poured upon McKinley had filled two wagons, and in the midst of the him, with shells exploding around and over him. Once he desperate fight had hurried the cans of coffee and other was completely enveloped in the smoke of an exploding supplies to his comrades, who took fresh courage after the shell, and we thought he had gone down; but no, out of this refreshment. The mules of one wagon became disabled smoke emerged his wiry little brown horse, with McKinley under the terrific fire, but this boy of nineteen pushed on still firmly seated and erect as a hussar. Now he had passed and got the other wagon safely through to the regiment. under cover from the enemy's fire, and a sense of relief Col. Hayes was badly wounded at South Mountain, and came to us all. McKinley gave the colonel the orders to when he went home to Ohio he told Gov. Tod the story. fall back, and added, ‘I supposed you would go to the rear "Let McKinley be promoted to lieutenant," said the Gov- without orders.' The colonel replied: "I was about conernor, and it was accordingly done, his commission dating cluding I would retire, and am now ready to go wherever from Sept. 24, 1862. In his speech at the Lakeside Chau- you lead; but, lieutenant, I p'intedly believe I will give tauqua, in 1891, Gen. Hayes described this incident and them fellows a volley or two before I go.' McKinley comsaid: "From Sergeant McKinley's hand every man in the manded, Then up and at them as quickly as possible,' and regiment was served with hot coffee and warm meats, a as the regiment arose to its feet the enemy came into full thing which had never occurred under similar circum- view. Col. Brown's boys gave them a crushing volley, and, stances in any other army in the world. He passed under following it with a rattling fire, retreated toward some fire and delivered with his own hands these things so essen- woods in their rear. As Crook and Hayes saw the regiment tial for the men for whom he was laboring." safely off, they turned, and following the column, with it moved slowly to the rear, down the Winchester pike. At a point near Winchester, McKinley brought the regiment to the column and its place in the brigade." Continuing the retreat, they came upon a battery of artillery of four guns and their caissons, which had been left in the way. MeKinley asked permission to bring it off, but his superior officers thought it impossible, owing to the exhausted condition of the men. "The Twenty-third will do it," said McKinley, and called for volunteers. Every man of his company stepped out, and the guns were hauled off to a place of safety. The next day, July 25, 1864, McKinley was promoted to captain.

The regiment returned to winter quarters near Parkersburg. During the year it had marched more than 600 miles. It intercepted the Confederate raider John Morgan at Buffington's Ford, July 19, 1863, and assisted in his capture. In May, 1864, it took part in the battle of Cloyd's Mountain, from whose summit the enemy was driven, after a long march by what was supposed to be an impassable route. "It was a rough and trying march over mountains and through deep ravines and dense woods," McKinley once described it, with snows and rains that would have checked the advance of any but the most determined. We penetrated a country where guerrillas were abundant, where it was not an unusual thing for our men to be shot from the underbrush-murdered in cold blood."

He had been promoted to first lieutenant, Feb. 7, 1863, and under his leadership his company was the first to scramble over the enemy's fortifications and silence their guns. His only reference to this achievement is to be found in his address upon President Hayes, at Delaware, Ohio, in 1893. "The advance across the meadow, in full sight of the enemy," said McKinley, "and in range of their guns, through the

The brigade continued its fighting up and down the Shenandoah valley, skirmishes occurring almost daily. A fierce engagement took place at Berryville, Sept. 3, 1864, in which Capt. McKinley's horse was shot under him, and the fighting between Crook's and Longstreet's forces continued until nightfall, when both commanders withdrew their men.

Hayes dispatched McKinley for this purpose with the proper orders, but he encountered a strange situation, which is best described in his own words: "This engagement," he

once said, "will not soon be forgotten. It was a brilliant scene; the heavens were illuminated by the flashes of our own and the enemy's guns. Later, when both armies determined to retire, it became my duty to direct a regiment at some distance from the others to move. A stranger, and in the darkness, I knew nothing of the country. When I started on my mission some one on the other side was doing just what I was, as I could tell from what I could hear. I had not gone far when I was halted by a sentinel with Who comes thar?' The distinct Southern brogue was warning enough, and I hastened the other way. Very soon I was stopped by a voice with a shrill Western accent demanding, Who comes there?' and recognized friends. I gave the countersign, and soon had the regiment moving."

brevet in the volunteer U. S. army, "for gallant and meritorious services at the battles of Opequan, Cedar Creek, and Fisher's Hill," signed "A. Lincoln." He participated in the last great act of the war, the final grand review in Washington, where the armies of Grant, Sherman, and Sheridan were united in May, 1865, with the same modest deportment that had characterized his entrance into the service in 1861. He was urged to remain in the army, but, wisely deferring to the judgment of his father, he was mustered out July 26, 1865, and returned to Poland, where the family was again reunited, his younger brother, Abner, having been a volunteer in the National army. He never was absent a day from his command on sick leave; he had only one short furlough in his four years of service; he never At Opequan and Fisher's Hill McKinley again distin- asked or sought promotion; he was present and active in guished himself. In the former battle as an aide on Gen. every engagement in which his regiment participated; and Crook's staff, he was sent with an order to Gen. Isaac H. he performed bravely and well every duty assigned him. Duval to move his command quickly to a position on the On his return to Poland with his old company, a compliright of the Sixth Corps; but Duval, not knowing the topog-mentary dinner was given to them, and he was selected to raphy of the country, asked the young aide, "By what route respond to the welcoming address, which he did in a speech shall I move my command?" Capt. McKinley was without of rare eloquence. definite orders or knowledge of the country, but having a general idea of the direction of the water courses and location of the troops, replied, "I would move up this creek." Duval then said, "I shall not move without definite orders." McKinley knew that any delay was hazardous, and so, acting on his own view, at once replied: "This is a case of great emergency, general, and so I order you, by command of Gen. Crook, to move your command on the road up this ravine to a position on the right of the army." The movement proved exactly right; Duval's command was soon in position, and it drove the enemy from their works and contributed to the victory of the day.

In describing the fight at Fisher's Hill, McKinley called it "one of the most brilliant of the many brilliant achievements of Gen. George Crook. It was a flank movement through the mountains and woods to the enemy's right. Never did troops advance with greater difficulty, on what appeared to be an impassable route, over the mountain side, where it seemed the foot of man had never trod. Hayes led the charge down the gorge and up the hill. He led repeated charges. I can see him now, encouraging his men to make another and still another charge-until we had captured the whole of the enemy's works and every piece of their artillery. Nothing was more brilliant or decisive during the entire war, considering the numbers in the affair." Soon after this battle the regiment was detailed as train guard to Martinsburg and marched to Winchester, where a brigade of the enemy's cavalry was reported to be. On the march (Oct. 11) the men voted in the election that decided whether the war should be continued to success or abandoned and acknowledged a failure. Capt. McKinley's first ballot was cast for Lincoln.

On the morning of Oct. 19, 1864, the National forces at Cedar Creek were surprised by Early's army, and for a time were thrown into confusion and routed. Gen. Sheridan had been at Winchester, “20 miles away," but, hearing the roar of the artillery, rode rapidly to the scene of action. On working to the front, he met Capt. McKinley, who, with other officers, had been striving to keep the men in line and establish a position. He had just returned from planting a battery. "Where's Crook?" asked Sheridan. Capt. McKinley turned, and together they rode off to find the general, and as Sheridan dashed down the line he yelled to the troops, amid their enthusiastic cheers: Never mind, boys, we'll whip them yet. We'll sleep in our quarters to-night." Gens. Crook and Wright soon came up and briefly described the events of the morning to Sheridan, and under his leadership the National forces eagerly attacked and badly defeated the confident enemy.

A short time after this battle a successful cavalry raid by the Confederates on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, at New Creek, caused Gen. Crook to move one of his divisions to that place. He admired Capt. McKinley and took him along. Here Gens. Crook and Kelley were captured, and Gen. Hancock took charge of the department. He retained McKinley on his staff several months. McKinley was then assigned as acting assistant adjutant general on the staff of Gen. Samuel S. Carroll, commanding the Veteran Reserve Corps at Washington, where he remained through that exciting period which included the surrender of Lee to Grant at Appomattox and the assassination of Lincoln. Just a month before this tragedy, or on Mar. 14, 1865, he had received from the President a commission as major by

He at once began the study of law under the preceptorship of Judge Charles E. Glidden and his partner, David M. Wilson, of Youngstown, Ohio, applying himself diligently during the week at Poland, and going to their office on Mondays for review and examination. He completed his course at the law school in Albany, N. Y., and in Mar., 1867, was admitted to the bar at Warren, Ohio. On the advice of his elder sister, Anna, he settled in Canton, Ohio, where she was for many years a teacher in the public schools. Here he soon attracted attention, and by his exemplary life and devotion to his profession achieved success at the bar and great popularity. In the autumn of 1867 he made his first political speeches in favor of negro suffrage, a most unpopular doctrine throughout the State. Republican nominations in Stark County were considered empty honors; but when, in 1869, he was placed on the ticket for prosecuting attorney he made an energetic canvass and was elected. He discharged the duties of this trust with fidelity and fearlessness, but in 1871 he failed of re-election by 45 votes. He thereupon resumed his practice, and was remarkably successful.

He married, Jan. 25, 1871, Miss Ida Saxton, daughter of James A. and Catherine Dewalt Saxton. Her father was a banker of large means, who, after giving Ida, his youngest daughter, many advantages of education and travel, began her business training as cashier in his bank. At this time Mr. McKinley was superintendent of the Methodist Sundayschool, and his bride was a teacher in the Presbyterian. Two daughters were born to them-Katie on Christmas, 1871, and Ida in 1873-but both were lost in early childhood. Mrs. McKinley's health, not robust at any time, never has rallied from the terrible blow of these two deaths in quick succession. Her comfort, her wish, her happiness, under every conceivable circumstance, was her husband's first thought and constant concern. At home no hour passed that he did not see her; and she rewarded this homage with all the intensity of a proud, ardent, unselfish affection.

In the gubernatorial campaign between Hayes and Allen, in 1875, at the height of the greenback craze, he made numerous effective speeches in favor of honest money and the resumption of specie payments. The Hon. Stewart L. Woodford, of New York, spoke at Canton that autumn, and McKinley was prevailed upon to close the meeting. Animated by the eloquence of their visitor, McKinley captivated both the audience and the orator who had preceded him. On his return to Columbus, Mr. Woodford made it a point to see the State Committee and urge them to put McKinley upon their list of speakers. They had not heard of him before, but they put him on the list. The next year, 1876, McKinley was nominated for Congress and was elected over Leslie L. Lanborn by 3,300 majority. During the progress of the canvass, while visiting the Exposition in Philadelphia, he was introduced by James G. Blaine to a great audience at the Union League Club, and scored so great a success that he was at once in demand throughout the country. He spoke hundreds of times, and in almost every State and Territory, to more of his fellow-countrymen than ever were addressed by any other public man in the history of the republic. He was more like Webster in personal appearance, style, and delivery than any other American orator.

He entered Congress on the day when his old colonel as

sumed the presidency. He delivered a notable address that | 1884, which was everywhere accepted as the strongest and year at the dedication of a soldiers' monument at Fremont, Ohio. But he devoted himself strictly to his congressional duties, and on Apr. 15, 1878, made a speech in opposition to what was known as "the Wood tariff bill," from its author, Fernando Wood, of New York, the first of the measures designed (according to its opponents) to cripple our protective system. He not only exposed the incongruities and absurdities of the proposed law, but the impolicy and recklessness of such legislation, and, although the House was Democratic, the measure was postponed until the short session, and then was abandoned altogether. His speech was widely circulated by the Republican Congressional Committee. Mr. Blaine, in his "Twenty Years of Congress," says, in reviewing the Forty-fifth Congress: "William McKinley, Jr., entered from the Canton district. The interests of his constituency and his own bent of mind led him to the study of industrial questions, and he was soon recognized in the House as one of the most thorough statisticians and one of the ablest defenders of the doctrine of protection."