= 41 cents). The estimated receipts from customs were 40,492,000 florins, leaving 63,410,000 florins to be made up by Austria's contribution and 29,024,000 florins as the share of Hungary. For 1892 the budget estimate of expenditure was 139,143,000 florins, and the estimated receipts from customs were 40,155,000 florins, leaving a balance of 96,315,000 florins, of which Austria pays 66,072,000 and Hungary 30,243,000 florins. The ordinary expenditure amounts to 122,308,705 florins, of which 3,579,700 florins are for the diplomatic service, 107.093,247 florins for the army, 9,484,614 florins for the navy, 2,022,884 florins for the financial administration, and 128,260 for the board of control. The extraordinary expenditures amount to 16.834,181 florins, including 14,627,243 florins for the army, 2,143,100 florins for the navy, and 63.838 florins for other purposes. The revenue from Bosnia and Herzegovina for 1892 was estimated at 10,187,450 florins, and the expenditure at 10,136,149 florins, not including an extraordinary expenditure of 4,335,000 florins for military purposes.

The general debt of the monarchy in 1891 amounted to 2,776,129.000 florins, Austria's special debt to 1,109,871,000 florins, and the special debt of Hungary to 1.734,185,000 florins, making a total of 5,620,185,000 florins, not including the common floating debt amounting to 351,945,099 florins.

Area and Population.-The area and population of the Austrian provinces on Dec. 31, 1890, when the last census was taken, were as follow:

Herzegovina, which still form nominally a part of Turkey, 41,231,342, on an area of 240,942 square miles, showing a density of 171 per square mile, 206 for Austria, and 139 for Hungary. The increase of population in Hungary during the ten years was 1,693,827, being at the rate of 108 per cent. per annum. The number of marriages in Hungary in 1889 was 140,524; of births, 767,884; of deaths, 512,852; increase of births over deaths, 255,032. The number of illegitimate births was 61,468, which was at the rate of 8 per cent., little more than half that of the Austrian dominions.

The number of emigrants from the AustroHungarian Empire in 1889 was 55,794. Of these, 26,424 were bound for the United States and 4,225 for the Argentine Republic. According to United States returns, that number of immigrants arrived from Austria alone, besides 15,746 from Hungary.

The principal cities of the empire had the following population in 1890: Vienna, the Austrian capital, 1,864.548; Buda-Pesth, the Hungarian capital, 506,384: Prague, once capital of the kingdom of Bohemia, 184,109; Trieste, the Austrian seaport, 158.344; Lemberg, the principal city of Austrian Poland, 128.419; Gratz, 113,540; Brünn, 95.342.

The Roman Catholics comprised, according to the census, 792 per cent. of the population of Austria; the Greek Catholics, 118 per cent.; Jews, 4.8 per cent.; Greek Orientals, 2-4 per cent.; and Evangelicals, 1.8 per cent. in 1890. In Hungary in 1880 501 per cent. of the population was Roman Catholic, 15.6 per cent. Greek Oriental, 201 per cent. Protestant Evangelical, 9.5 per cent. Greek Catholic, 43 per cent. Israelitish, and 0-4 per cent. Unitarian. The educational laws of both Austria and Hungary require attendance in school from the age of seven. In Istria, Dalmatia, Bukovina, and Galicia compulsory attendance ends with the twelfth year, as also in Hungary. In other provinces of Austria the period extends to the completion of the fourteenth year. The number of persons able to read and write increased in Austria between 1880 and 1890 from 10.930,090 to 13,258,452.

The Army. The term of service in the active army is three years, and when they are completed the soldiers belong for seven years in the Ersatz reserve. Those who are not drawn for active service may be enrolled at once in the Ersatz reserve. The Landwehr, which is organized independently of the common army and separately in the two halves of the monarchy, has also its Ersatz or supplementary reserve. Those who are not enrolled in the regular army must serve twelve years in the Landwehr, including all who are capable of bearing arms but fall short of the physical requirements for the regular service. Soldiers who have completed their ten years of service in the regular army enter the Landwehr for the term of two years. On passing out of the Landwehr they become members of the Landsturm for ten years. Young men who reach a certain educational standard are required to serve for one year only, either in the army or the Landwehr. The troops of the Landwehr are called out only for instruction and exercise in time of peace. Every man who is not enrolled in the army or navy or in the Landwehr

from the age of nineteen to the age of fortythree is a member of the Landsturm, from which men may be drafted to fill up the army or Landwehr in time of war. The annual recruit of the regular army is 103,000 men, of whom Austria furnishes 60,389 and Hungary 42,711, besides which there is an annual contingent of 27,400 for the Ersatz reserve, 10,000 for the Austrian Landwehr, and 12,500 for the Honved or Hungarian Landwehr. Each of the 102 regiments of infantry has its recruiting district. Tyrol and Vorarlberg form a separate district, which furnishes the regiment of Tyrolese Jägers, a privileged body which remains in its province to guard the mountain marches. The marine troops are recruited in 3 districts on the Adriatic seaboard. Bosnia and Herzegovina are organized on the Austrian military system, and are required to furnish a quota of troops, which are raised in 4 recruiting districts. Each regiment has 5 battalions, except the Tyrolese Jägers, which consist of 12. There are 30 battalions of regular Jägers, 42 regiments of cavalry, 14 regiments of field artillery, 72 companies of fortress artillery, 2 regiments of engineers, 1 regiment of pioneers, and 1 regiment of railroad and telegraph troops. The peace strength of the Austro-Hungarian army in 1892 was 337.419, including 28,472 Landwehr troops under arms, The infantry numbered 204,235; cavalry, 61,738; artillery. 33,132; technical troops, 10,148; train, 3,851; sanitary troops, 4,698; general and field officers, etc., 4,116; special formations and military establishments, 15,501. In time of war the strength of the army could be more than trebled, and nearly as many more men already trained and equipped could be called into the field from the Landwehr and Landsturm. The war strength of the army as officially given is 996,727; of the Landwehr, 434.329; of the Landsturm, 441,122. The number of men who could be called to serve in the Landsturm in case of war and who would be available to fill gaps in the army and Landwehr is over 4.000,000. The number of field guns in peace is 912 and in war 1,864. There are 56,930 horses in peace and for war 279,886 are ready.

The Navy. The Austrian navy consists of 2 turret ships, the "Stephanie" and "Kronprinz Rudolf," protected with 9 and 12 inches of armor respectively, and carrying one, 2, and the other 3 48-ton guns, besides 16 other breechloaders and 22 machine guns between them. Eight other battle ships of from 3,550 to 7,390 tons, with armor over their vital parts from 6 to 14 inches thick, mount 68 heavy guns, weighing from 10 to 27 tons, in casemated central batteries, and carry 56 smaller guns and 88 machine guns. The plated wooden frigate "Habsburg" carries 5 14-ton guns. There are 2 ram cruisers. 7 torpedo cruisers, 5 torpedo vessels, 3 avisos, 2 river monitors, 4 training ships, 57 torpedo boats, 19 station and service ships, 9 school and barrack ships, 6 vessels for harbor and coast service, and 4 stationary vessels. The navy is manned in peace time by 623 officers, 7.500 sailors, and 617 surgeons, chaplains, etc. The term of service is the same as the term in the army. A Seewehr, or naval reserve or militia, corresponding to the Landwehr, has been organized since 1888.

Commerce.-The general commerce of the Austro-Hungarian customs union, which includes Bosnia and Herzegovina, amounted in 1890 to 610,700,000 florins of imports and 771,400,000 florins of exports. The values of the principal imports were as follow: Cotton, 63,500,000 florins; wool, 39,700,000 florins; coffee, 38,000,000 florins: coal, 25,700,000 florins; silk, 21,100,000 florins; machinery, 18,100,000 florins; woolen yarn, 17.900,000 florins; leaf tobacco, 15,600,000 florins; cotton yarn, 15,200,000 florins; leather, 12,600,000 florins; books and periodicals, 12,400,000 florins; silk goods, 12.200,000 florins; cattle, 11,600,000 florins; hardware and clocks, 11,400.000 florins; colors and tanning material, 11,400,000 florins; grain, 11,200,000 florins; hides, skins, and fur skins, 10,100,000 florins; woolen goods, 9,600,000 florins: manufactured tobacco, 8,400,000 florins. The largest exports were of the following values: Cereals, 79,900,000 florins; sugar, 65,400,000 florins; timber, 61,700,006 florins; cattle, 35,800,000 florins; coal, 32,500,000 florins; hardware, 27.500,000 florins; woolen goods, 22,500,000 florins; flour, 21,600,000 florins; iron and manufactures of iron, 20,600,000 florins; wool, 20,000,000 florins; wood manufactures, 18,000,000 florins; eggs, 16,200,000 florins; wine, 15,500,000 florins; glass and glassware, 15,400,000 florins; minerals, 14,300,000 florins; paper manufactures, 14,300,000 florins; gloves, 14,000,000 florins; feathers, 12,400,000 florins; leather goods, 8,200,000 florins; linen yarn, 6,400,000 florins; silk goods, 6,100,000 florins. The amount of coin and bullion exported in 1890 was 4,303,000 florins, while 43,472,000 florins were imported.

Navigation. During 1890 there were 66,271 vessels, of 8,773,713 tons, entered, and 66,527, of 8,759.632 tons, cleared at Austro-Hungarian ports. The commercial navy, including coasters and fishing boats, comprised 10,380 vessels, of 250,716 tons, on Jan. 1, 1891. Of these, 71, of 83,371 tons, were sea-going steamers; 102, of 14.481 tons, were coasting steamers; and 10.207, of 152,716 tons, were sailing vessels of all kinds. Of the vessels that visited the ports of the monarchy in 1890 about 83 per cent. were national, and of the tonnage about 82 per cent. belonged to Austria-Hungary.

Railroads. On Jan. 1, 1891, there were 15.193 kilometres, or 9,496 miles, of railroads in operation in Austria, and 11,541 kilometres, or 7.216 miles, in Hungary. Of the Austrian roads, 6.021 kilometres were owned and operated by the Government, 1,555 kilometres belonging to companies were leased by the state, and 7,617 kilometres were worked by companies, including 7,533 kilometres of their own and 84 kilometres owned by the Government. In Hungary the Government worked 5,756 kilometres that were owned by the state and 3.909 kilometres belonging to companies, while private corporations operated only 1,876 kilometres. The capital expenditure on the 15,172 miles of railroad that were in existence in 1888 was 3,660,501,000 florins. The receipts in that year amounted to 269,285.000 florins, and the expenses were 124,730,000 florins. The railroads of Bosnia and Herzegovina had a length of 342 miles in 1889.

Posts and Telegraphs.-The number of letters and postal cards that passed through the

post office in Austria during 1890 was 444,134,380; of samples and printed inclosures, 60,198,560; of newspapers, 68,985,020. The receipts were 29,530,836, and the expenses 25,187,836 florins. In Hungary the number of letters and post cards sent in 1889 was 168,801,000, and the number of printed packets and samples was 14,762,000. The receipts were 12,268,000 florins, and expenses 9,297,000 florins. The telegraph lines of Austria had a total length in 1890 of 27,674 miles, with 71,376 miles of wire. In Hungary there were 12,340 miles of line, with 45,581 iniles of wire. The lines of Bosnia and Herzegovina had a length of 1,732 miles, with 3,457 miles of wire. The number of messages sent in Austria in 1890 was 8,776,048; in Hungary, 4,211,131; in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 22,277.

Austria. The Empire of Austria, the Cisleithan monarchy, is a federal state in which the Provincial Diets or Landtage are competent to legislate on all matters not reserved to the Reichsrath or Central Legislature or to the Crown. The Reichsrath must give its consent to all measures relating to the army or to military duty, and its co-operation is necessary for legislation dealing with customs, commerce. banking, the postal service, telegraphs, and railroads. The Reichsrath has also to examine the accounts of revenue and expenditure, and all projects of law having to do with taxation, operations of public credit, and the national debt. There are two chambers, both of which have the right of initiating legislation. The Herrenhaus or House of Lords in 1892 was composed of 19 princes of the blood royal, 68 hereditary lords, 10 archbishops, 7 prince bishops, and 125 life members nominated by the Emperor. The Abgeordnetenhaus or House of Deputies had 353 members, of whom 85 represented the land-owning class, 21 represented boards of trade and commerce, 118 were elected by the people of the towns, and 129 were elected by the rural population. The peasant constituencies choose their members indirectly. Among them and in the towns the franchise is restricted to men twenty-four years of age who pay five florins in direct taxes. In the class of landed proprietors women who own estates have the right to vote.

The Austrian Cabinet ministers in 1892 were as follow: President of the Council and Minister of the Interior, Graf Eduard Taaffe, appointed Aug. 19, 1879; Minister of Finance, Dr. E. Steinbach; Mininter of Public Instruction and Ecclesiastical Affairs, Dr. Paul Gautsch, Baron von Frankenthurn; Minister of Agriculture, Graf Julius Falkenhayn; Minister of Commerce and National Economy, Marquis von Bacquehem; Minister of National Vertheidigung or National Defense, Field-Marshal Graf Zeno von Welsersheimb; Minister of Justice, Graf Friedrich von Schönborn: without portfolios, Baron von Prazak, Ritter von Zaleski, and Graf Gandolf von Khünberg.

Finance. The financial estimates as approved by the Reichsrath for 1892 make the total revenue 585.954,126 florins, of which 741,800 florins are the receipts of the Council of State, 1,026, 168 florins of the Ministry of the Interior, 312,497 florins of the Ministry of Defense, 5,947,659 florins of the Minister of Instruction VOL. XXXII.-4 A

and Worship, and 3,268,194 florins of the Ministry of Finance; 105,834,000 florins come from direct taxes-viz., 36,052,000 florins from the land tax, 32,056,000 florins from the house tax, 11,284,000 from the tax on industries, 26,442,000 florins from the income tax; 283,448,846 florins are raised by indirect taxation-viz., 100,935,980 florins from excise, 20,909,706 florins from salt, 84,151,300 florins from tobacco, 19,350,000 florins from stamps, 35,300,000 florins from judicial fees, 19,401,000 florins from the state lottery, and 3.400,000 florins from other sources; 37,943,800 florins represent the receipts of the custom house, 2,753,892 florins the profits from state property, 32,674,000 florins the income from the post office and telegraphs, 76.325,450 florins that from railroads, 2,776,670 florins that from other enterprises, 4,370,020 florins from the yield of the forests and domains, 8,181,975 florins that from mines, 602,592 florins that from other real estate, 1,009,448 florins the receipts of the Ministry of Justice, and 657,142 receipts from various sources. These are the receipts from ordinary sources, making in all 567,874,153 florins, to which must be added 18,079,973 florins of extraordinary revenue.

The total expenditure for the year is estimated at 583,947,553 florins, including 40,295,738 florins of extraordinary expenditure. Of the ordinary expenditure, amounting to 543,651,815 florins, 4.650,000 florins are appropriated for the imperial household. 73,097 florins for the Cabinet Chancery, 726,054 florins for the Reichsrath, 23,000 florins for the Supreme Court, 1,064,318 florins for the Council of Ministers, 17,183,355 florins for the Ministry of the Interior, 15.054.756 florins for the Ministry of Defense, 1,625,735 florins for the support of the Ministry of Instruction, 6,999,500 florins for Public Worship, 13,168,990 florins for Education, 13,305.227 florins for the Ministry of Agriculture, 83,823,553 florins for administration of the Ministry of Finance and collection of revenues, 20,664,000 florins for the Ministry of Justice, 93,939,400 florins for the Ministry of Commerce, 171,300 florins for the Board of Control, 144,257,560 florins for the interest and sinking fund of the public debt, 962,790 florins for management of the debt, 17,877,240 florins for pensions and grants, 6,581,400 florins for subventions, and 101,500,540 florins for the common expenditure of the whole monarchy, being the Cisleithan quota.

Reform of the Currency.-Active steps were taken in the beginning of the year to reform and regulate the entangled currency of the dual monarchy. Committees of experts were called upon by the Ministers of Finance. Dr. Steinbach and Dr. Wekerle, for Austria and Hungary respectively, to give opinions regarding the proposed reform. The ministers finally agreed upon a measure based on the replies obtained from the experts. The measure was brought before the Austrian Reichsrath and the Hungarian Parliament, and passed in the former by a good majority and in the latter unanimously. The full amount of gold to be raised for the redemption of the Government paper currency was 312,000.000 florins, of which Austria had to procure 218,000.000 florins and Hungary 93,000,000 florins, according to the rela

tive proportion of 70 per cent. for Austria and 30 per cent. for Hungary. Hungary possessed already 53,000,000 florins, so that she would only have to raise about 38,000,000 florins in gold. A time was not set for the redemption in gold of the Government paper currency, except the one-florin bills, which were to be redeemed after the passing of this act in any existing legal tender except the old paper currency. The new currency is established on a gold basis, and the unit will be the krone, worth 1 franc 5 centimes in French money, 85 pfennige in German, and in American money 203 cents. One kilo of gold, 900 fine coins, 2,952 kronen or 3,280 kronen if of pure gold. Twenty- and ten-kronen gold pieces are to be coined. Austria will only coin 20-kronen pieces for private account, while Hungary will coin both 20- and 10-kronen pieces. The mints will be free for gold only in either country. Ducats will continue to be coined for commercial purposes. The gold currency will be supplemented with silver 1-krone picces, 835 fine, nickel pieces of 20 and 10 heller, and bronze coins of 2 and 1 heller, 100 heller making a krone. Alongside of the gold coins, the silver coins of the country will remain in use. The silver florin of Austrian coinage will be equal to 2 kronen. The coinage treaty with Hungary provides that 200,000,000 florins of silver, 60,000,000 florins of nickel, and 26,000,000 florins of bronze coin shall be coined, according to the proportion of 70 and 30 per cent. respectively. Agreements as to the continued circulation of the paper money and its redemption will be made at the proper time. The treaty will be in force until the end of 1910. In payment of obligations 42 Austrian gold florins are equal to 100 kronen. The Minister of Finance is empowered to negotiate a gold loan of 183,456,000 florins bearing 4 per cent. interest. The gold obtained shall immediately be coined and held as a special deposit, only to be disposed of by act of legislature.

The Bohemian Compromise.-The Ausgleich of 1890, made to settle the language question between the Germans and the Czechs of Bohemia, was virtually defeated by the action of the Czechs and the Feudal Conservatives, who, being in the majority, refused to accept any further alteration of the proposed arrangement to meet the views of the Government. Count Taaffe's attitude was ambiguous, and the German Left, who have been his principal supporters, and who still insisted on the carrying out of the Ausgleich, became very much embittered against him. The Government finally decided to carry out a part of the arrangement, and accordingly created a circuit court in Wekelsdorf, thereby inaugurating the division of the different courts and administrative districts according to the nationality of the inhabitants. This was really one of the most important clauses of the Ausgleich, and the decree of the Minister of Justice was hailed with satisfaction by the Germans, while the Czechs denounced him in their meetings, and introduced into the Reichsrath a bill to indict him for violating the laws of 1868, which provide that the Government has the right to create new courts, but has to take the sense of the respective Landtag first, whereas the last Bohemian Landtag had

refused to give any opinion on the Ausgleich question. The Minister of Justice proved that the Bohemian Landtag had in former years expressed an opinion favorable to the creation of the court in question, and the bill was lost.

Session of the Reichsrath.-One of the chief acts of the session of 1891-'92 was to ratify the new commercial treaties. Most of the commercial treaties with other nations lapsed on Feb. 1, 1892, and new ones had to be made. Foremost stand the new treaties with Germany and Italy, which were made for the space of twelve years. These reduce the tariff on manufactured goods from Germany in return for a reduction of duties on wheat, and effect a reduction of duties on Italian wine against a lower tariff on Austrian manufactured goods. The treaties contain the most-favored-nation clause, by which all concessions made to other nations must be made to the contracting party on demand. The treaty with Switzerland, containing similar conditions, was approved later. Other important bills passed were the Vienna city railroads bill, the currency reforms bill, a personal income tax bill, which latter is intended to affect incomes in their entirety without regard to their origin. A bill taxing the transactions of the stock exchange was passed, which will virtually amount to a taxation on all trade in active stocks. Not only the transactions on the exchange are to be taxed, but also all business done in banks and in brokers' offices. This tax is identical with the one put upon a change of possession of real property. Care was taken to arrange the tax so that it would not interfere with the methods hitherto employed in carrying on this business. Most of the transactions are in blocks of 5,000 florins, and therefore this amount was taken as a unit and a tax of 10 kreuzern put upon it, and proportionately more on larger amounts. Exempt from this taxation are all transactions in money and exchange, for as long as the currency of the country has not been regulated even the soundest merchant trading with foreign countries has to buy foreign coins and drafts in order to protect himself in proper time against a loss by exchange.

The Socialists.-The Socialistic convention, held on June 5, presented a picture of utter disorganization. It is remarkable that the so-called International Socialistic party of Austria has to contend with the very same difficulties that prevent the organization of a great Liberal or Clerical party. The Czechish workingmen stand aloof, hold their own Socialistic conventions, and build up their own organizations. The Socialistic party in Austria is divided according to nationality, and can not manage to keep peace between its sections. The workingmen's clubs numbered 331 in 1892 against 218 the year before, and 53 new workingmen's associations were organized.

A parliamentary commission, presided over by Dr. Barnreither, made an inquiry regarding the establishment and recognition of official workingmen's committees for the protection of the moral and material interests of the working people. Such committees would be composed of delegates freely elected by the workmen, and masters would treat with them regarding the regulation of wages, the disposition of the funds

for sickness, pensions, and accident insurance, as well as other matters that might form the subject of disputes between the employer and the employed. The majority of the employers of labor expressed approval of the establishment of permanent committees of this character wherever the workingmen chose to appoint such representatives, but did not approve making the formation of the committees compulsory or lending them an official character.

Hungary.-The Hungarian Parliament has two branches with equal and concurrent powers. The Magnatentafel or Chamber of Magnates is composed of hereditary peers who pay a land tax of 3,000 florins a year, 286 in number; 82 life peers, of whom 50 were elected by the house after the reform act of 1885 changed its constitution, and all others are appointed by the King; 40 dignitaries of the Roman and Greek Churches and 11 representatives of Protestant confessions; 3 delegates of Croatia and Slavonia; 19 archdukes; and 17 judges and high officials who are peers ex officio. The Representantentafel or Chamber of Representatives contains 453 members, including 40 from Croatia-Slavonia. They are elected directly by the male citizens who are twenty years of age and possess a low property qualification. The entire house is renewed by a general election every five years.

The Hungarian ministry in the beginning of 1892 was composed of the following members: President of the Council and Minister of the Interior, Count Julius Szapary; Minister of Finance, Dr. Alexander Wekerle Minister of Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs, Count Albin Csaky; Minister of the Honved or National Defense, Baron Geza Fejervary; Minister of Justice, Desiderius de Szilagyi; Minister ad latus or at the King's side, Ladislaus de SzogenyiMarich. Count Szapary became Prime Minister on March 7, 1890. Minister of Commerce Gabriel Carops de Bellus died on May 9, and Bela Lukaes was appointed in his stead.

Finances. The total revenue for 1892, as given in the budget estimates, is 395,353,936 florins, including 5,824,955 florins of transitory revenue. Of the ordinary receipts, amounting to 389,528.981 florins, 3,811,573 florins are credited to state debts, 1,895 florins to the Accountant-General's office, 700 florins to the Ministry ad latus, 1,145.970 florins to the Ministry of the Interior, 276,865,468 florins to the Ministry of Finance, 91,872,417 florins to the Ministry of Commerce, 13.835,125 florins to the Ministry of Agriculture, 1,080,014 florins to the Minister of Public Worship, 578,358 florins to the Ministry of Justice, and 337.461 florins to the Ministry of Defense. The ordinary expenditures are estimated at 368,100,562 florins, transitory expenditure at 7,275,728 florins, investments at 13,317,528 florins, and extraordinary common expenditure falling to the Transleithan half of the monarchy at 6,647,123 florins, making the total for the year 395,340,941 florins. Of the ordinary expenditure, 4,650.000 florins are allocated to the civil list, 73,097 florins to the Cabinet Chancery, 1.246,931 florins to the Parliament, 24,956,725 florins to common expenses of the whole monarchy, 46,132 florins to the common pension list, 7,095,799 florins to Hungarian pensions, 118.632.863 florins to the national debt, 20,683,710 florins to debts of guar

anteed railroads acquired by the Government. 1.029,976 florins to other guaranteed railroad debts, 6,923,116 florins to the administration of Croatia, 110,900 florins to the Accountant-General, 337,580 florins to the President of the Council, 58,990 florins to the Minister ad latus, 36.080 florins to the Minister for Croatia, 12,074,528 florins to the Minister of the Interior, 62,172, 152 florins to the Minister of Finance, 61,373,740 florins to the Minister of Commerce, 13,832,395 florins to the Minister of Agriculture, 7,607,204 florins to the Minister of Worship and Instruction, 13,167,933 florins to the Minister of Justice, and 11,990,711 to the Minister of National Defense.

The Elections.-The first Hungarian Parliament of five years' duration was closed on Jan. 5. and the general elections began on Feb. 3. The strength of the different parties was not materially changed. The Liberals carried 251, the Independents 78, the Nationalists 67, and the Ugron party 17 seats. These, together with 40 delegates from Croatia and Slavonia, form the new House of Representatives. A feature of the elections was that the Liberals turned all their attention to defeating the Nationalists under the leadership of Count Apponyi, whose principles are confined to opposition and legislative obstruction, while their usual antagonists, the Independents, stand on a pronounced platform. Another important innovation was the influence that the Clericals exercised in behalf of their religious plans. This is the first time that the Clericals in Hungary have tried to influence the elections systematically, and it was principally by their aid that the Nationalists gained a few seats; but they also supported candidates of other parties, who pledged themselves to further their aims in religious matters.

Session of the Parliament.-The newly elected Parliament was opened on Feb. 22 by a speech of the King, Franz Josef, which contained an all-round programme of work and reform. Most of the session was taken up in discussing the budget, which gave rise to a good deal of parliamentary filibustering in voting the different items, and the Opposition managed to retard its acceptance until June 23. Two bills, one securing equal religious rights to all creeds, the other adopting the currency reform, were passed, and Parliament adjourned on July 20.

Particularist Movements.-The tendencies which the various races of Austria have shown toward a revival and cultivation of national languages, customs, and institutions, threatening to convert the monarchy into a loosely cemented federation of states, the latest development of which is seen in an Italian nationalist movement in the Tyrol, have manifested themselves in the Transleithan monarchy also, chiefly in the movement for the union of Croatia and Slavonia and their erection into a self-governing south Slav state. Also the Roumanian population in Hungary, which inhabits more particularly the western portion of that country and Transylvania, has for a long time past maintained a hostile attitude toward the Hungarian Government, claiming for the Roumanian element the same rights that are possessed by the Magyars. But being in a considerable minority, they have hitherto confined themselves to passive resistance,