admitted; if it was rejected, the Lecompton Constitution was to be considered as rejected by the people, and no further constitutional convention was to be held until a census should have shown that the population of the Territory equalled or exceeded that required for a representative' (Johnston). August 3 the land ordinance was rejected by a vote of 11,088 to 1,788. The Wyandotte Constitution, prohibiting slavery, was ratified by popular vote Oct. 4, 1859. Under this constitution Kansas was admitted to the Union Jan. 29, 1861."

Article 7, section 1, of the Lecompton Constitution read: "The right of property is before and higher than any constitutional sanction, and the right of the owner of a slave to such slave and its increase is the same, and as inviolable as the right of the owner of any property whatever." The theory here enunciated is as much at variance with Lincoln's understanding of the rights of property and the rights of slaves as it could possibly be.

LIBERTY PARTY. This short-lived political party was founded by liberal Abolitionists who seceded from the Garrison faction in 1839. In April, 1840, the first national convention of the party nominated James G. Birney for the Presidency, and the ticket received 7,059 votes. In the elections of 1844 the party polled 62,300 votes. In 1848 the adherents of this party supported the Free Soil candidates.

MISSOURI COMPROMISE. In 1819-1820, when Missouri was seeking admission as a State, the question of excluding slavery from her boundaries aroused such feeling that a compromise had to be effected in order that she might be admitted at all. By this compromise the antislavery party allowed Missouri to come in without the prohibition of slavery, and the proslavery party agreed that slavery should be prohibited from the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase, north of 36° 30'. It was also agreed that since Missouri came in as a slave State, Maine should be admitted as a free State. The addition of these States, making twenty-four States in the Union, twelve slave and twelve free, kept the senatorial representation equally divided between those which favored and those which opposed slavery. NEBRASKA BILL. See Kansas-Nebraska Bill.

POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY. Popular sovereignty, or squatter sovereignty, was a doctrine developed from the legal theory that the occupants of land had certain rights in it. The doctrine

came to be offered, from 1848 on, by the slavery party, as a proper basis for deciding the status of slavery in the territories and newly formed states. Douglas announced and supported this doctrine in debating upon the Kansas-Nebraska bill, arguing that all questions regarding slavery should be decided by the citizens of Kansas and Nebraska for themselves.

REPEAL OF MISSOURI COMPROMISE. See Kansas-Nebraska Bill.

REPUBLICAN PARTY. This party, founded in 1854 by opponents of the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, drew most of its followers from the Free Soil Party, the Whigs, and later from the American Party. The earliest Republican convention of importance was held at Jackson, Michigan, on July 6, 1854. In the 34th Congress, which met in December, 1855, there were in the Senate 15 Republicans, 42 Democrats, and 5 Americans; and in the House of Representatives there were 108 Republicans, 83 Democrats, and 45 Americans. The Whig Party had disappeared. The first Republican national convention met at Philadelphia in June, 1856, nominated J. C. Frémont of California for the Presidency, and prepared a platform declaring that it was the imperative duty of Congress to prohibit slavery in the Territories. As a result of the election of 1856, Frémont received 114 electoral votes, and James Buchanan (Democrat) polled 174. The Republican national convention at Chicago on May 16–18, 1860, nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency on the third ballot. In the election which followed, Lincoln received 180 electoral votes, the combined vote for his opponents being 123. The most significant plank in the national platform of 1860 stated, "We deny the authority of Congress, of a territorial legislature, or any individuals, to give legal existence to slavery in any Territory of the United States."

SQUATTER SOVEREIGNTY. See Popular Sovereignty.

WHIG PARTY. This party succeeded the National Republican Party, which was itself the heir of the old Federal Party of Alexander Hamilton. The Whig Party arose in 1834, the name being used to signify opposition to the executive usurpation of President Jackson, a Democrat. The party elected General W. H. Harrison to the Presidency in 1840. In 1844 Henry Clay was nominated and defeated. Clay and Webster were the great leaders of the party, and both aimed to preserve the Union.

Consequently both of them were suspected of dishonest trimming by the abolition wing of their party. The Mexican War widened the breach between what were called in Massachusetts the Conscience Whigs (antislavery) and the Cotton Whigs (proslavery). The Whigs elected General Zachary Taylor to the Presidency in 1848; he was their second and last successful candidate. Clay and Webster worked for the Compromise of 1850, and the Whig platform of 1852 approved the Compromise by a vote of 212 to 70 The party was overwhelmingly defeated

in the elections of 1852. In 1856 a convention of what remained in the party indorsed the American candidate for the Presidency. Northern Whigs like Lincoln became Republicans; Southern Whigs became Democrats. There were, of course, a few exceptions to this general statement; some wealthy men voted as their business interests inclined, and a few generous spirits tried to found a new party of compromise in 1860.

WILMOT PROVISO. In 1848, when President Polk wished an appropriation for settling boundary disputes with Mexico, David Wilmot of Pennsylvania moved that the appropriation be granted but with a provision that "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude" should ever exist in any territory acquired from Mexico. This became known as the Wilmot Proviso. It was voted down in 1846 and again in 1847, after which it was withdrawn, and an appropriation made without the restriction.

APPENDIX B

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES